Microbes and Plant Diseases

Foliose lichen is the most complex lichen. It is a lichen with leafy body parts or thallus and which generally have a cortex on each side of the leafy lichen body part thallus. Crustose lichens are lichens that grow like a crust of paint on their substrate, and especially sqamulose crustose lichens, may not be attached to the substrate at the edges, giving a leafy appearance similar to foliose lichens, but there is no lower cortex on the leafy part. Fruticose lichens are lichens that have a form similar to a tiny leafless, branching shrub that may have the branches flattened, so as to appear leafy, but foliose lichens have a single cortex wrapping around the branches, whereas foliose lichens generally have an upper and a lower cortex. Gelatinous lichens may appear leafy, but lack a cortex or internal structure, having the photobiotic component diffuse throughout the no fruiting part of the lichen body, whereas in foliose lichens the algae are in a layer. In foliose lichens, the layer of tissue containing the photosynthetic component has the algae more diffuse in the fungus than in foliose lichens, where the algal layer is generally very distinct.

A lichen is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria (or both) living among filaments of a fungus in a symbiotic relationship. The combined life form has properties that are very different from the properties of its component organisms. The fungus benefits from the symbiotic relation because algae or cyanobacteria produce food by photosynthesis. The algae or cyanobacteria benefit by being protected from the environment by the filaments of the fungus, which also gather moisture and nutrients from the environment, and (usually) provide an anchor to it. Thus, the correct answer is option C.

The photobiont supplies the association of organic carbon from photosynthesis, and the mycobiont ensures protection, and regulates the supply of minerals and water. The nutritional exchange between partners is probably much more complex than exchange of water and minerals for organic carbon.

Lichen is a stable symbiotic association between a fungus and algae. The combined life form has properties that are very different from the properties of its component organisms. Lichens come in many colors, sizes, and forms. The properties are sometimes plant-like, but lichens are not plants. 

In hot season, Usnea get dry and become highly inflammable. It easily catches fire and causes forest fire.

Letharia vulpina, commonly known as the wolf lichen, is considered toxic or harmful because it contains vulpinic acid, which was historically used to poison wolves and foxes.

A lichen is a long living composite organism that arises from green algae or cyanobacteria  living among filaments of a fungus in a mutually beneficial relationship (symbiotic relationship). The algal component of a lichen is known as phycobiont and the fungal component is called mycobiont.

The term helotism refers to a master-slave relationship in symbiosis, where the fungus is often considered to dominate or 'enslave' the algal partner, a concept frequently applied to the lichen association.

Lichen is a symbiotic association between blue-green algae and fungus. In this, blue-green algae provide food and nutrition obtained by photosynthesis. In turn, fungus provides protection, anchorage and absorption of water and nutrition from soil for algae.

Lichens are symbiotic associations i.e. mutually useful associations, between algae and fungi. The algal component is known as phycobiont and fungal component as mycobiont, which are autotrophic and heterotrophic respectively. Algae prepare food for fungi and fungi provide shelter and absorb mineral nutrients and water for its partner.

The tomato variety 'Flavr Savr' presents an example where expression of a native tomato gene has been blocked. Fruit softening is promoted by the enzyme polygalacturonase, which degrades pectin. Production of polygalacturonase is blocked in the transgenic tomato variety 'Flavr Savr'. So, fruits of this tomato variety remain fresh and retain their flavour much longer than do the fruits of normal tomato varieties. Additionally, the fruits have a superior taste and increased total soluble solids.

Murray and Peterson demonstrated the utility of fungi for steroid conversion by using the Rhizopus stolonifer. Whereas the technique for development of monoclonal antibody was demonstrated by Kohler and Milstein. Waksman and Monad demonstrate the synthesis of streptomycin antibody from streptomyces species. Kornberg and Miller are known for the purification of the DNA polymerase 1 enzyme. Thus, the correct answer is option B.