Microbes and Plant Diseases

Endothrix refers to dermatophyte infections of the hair that invade the hair shaft and internalize into the hair cell. This is in contrast to exothrix (ectothrix), where a dermatophyte infection remains confined to the hair surface.

Fungemia is the presence of fungi or yeasts in the blood. It is most commonly caused by Candida species but can be caused by other fungi as well, including Aspergillus and Cryptococcus. It is most commonly seen in immunosuppressed or immunocompromised patients with severe neutropenia, oncology patients, or in patients with intravenous catheters.

Myringomycosis is a fungal infection of the tympanic membrane. It is caused by the presence of the fungus aspergillus nigricans or flavescens.

Sporotrichosis is a disease caused by the infection of the fungus Sporothrix schenckii. This fungal disease usually affects the skin, although other rare forms can affect the lungs, joints, bones, and even the brain.

Xerochasy is dehiscence that occurs upon drying.

Galls or cecidia are outgrowths on the surface of lifeforms caused by invasion by other lifeforms, such as parasites or bacterial infection. Plant galls are abnormal outgrowths of plant tissues and can be caused by various parasites, from fungi and bacteria to insects and mites.

Jock itch of the groin, caused by tinea cruris, is a fungal infection that affects the skin of genitals, inner thighs and buttocks. Jock itch causes an itchy, red and often ring-shaped rash in these warm and moist areas of the body.

Plants that do not have well-differentiated body are called thallophytes. Examples are Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Cladophora and Chara.

Bakanae disease (also called 'foolish seedling disease') is a rice disease caused by Gibberella fujikuroi, a fungus that produces gibberellic acid, causing abnormal elongation of rice seedlings. Penicillium notatum produces penicillin, Aspergillus oryzae is used in fermentation, and Rhizopus stolonifer causes bread mold.

Aspergillus is a genus of fungi that belongs to kingdom Fungi. It is a mold commonly found in soil and on organic matter. Fungi are distinct from Protista, Plantae, and Animalia in their cell structure and mode of nutrition.

Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Agaricus are all fungi (kingdom Fungi), while Paramecium is a unicellular protist (kingdom Protista). The odd one out is Paramecium because it belongs to a different kingdom and is a protozoan, not a fungus.

Downy mildew disease of African daisy plant is caused by fungus- Plasmopara majewskii.
Cercospora gerberae causes Cercospora leaf spot disease in African daisy plant. Nectria canker disease is caused by Haematonectria haematococca fungus in African daisy plant. Powdery mildew is caused by the fungal pathogen Erysiphe cichoracearum in African daisy plant. Southern blight disease is caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in African daisy plant. Hence, P and Q both are false statements.

Zonate leaf spot is caused by the fungus Stemphylium botryosum.

Scald is one of the most widespread leaf diseases of barley in Western Australia and is caused by the fungus Rhynchosporium secalis.

Red blister disease of coffee is caused by Cercospora coffeicola. Dry root rot disease of coffee is caused by Fusarium solani. Thread blight disease is caused by Corticium koleroga in coffee. Phoma costaricensis causes tip blast disease in coffee. Tracheomycosis is caused by the fungus Gibberella xylarioides in coffee.