Medieval and Modern Indian History

Mumbai (then Bombay) was acquired by the English East India Company from Charles II in 1661. Charles II had received it as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry when he married the Portuguese princess, and the company then took control of it.

Chengiz Khan (Genghis Khan) led the Mongol invasion towards India's northwest frontier during Iltutmish's reign (1211-1236 CE). Iltutmish, the third Delhi Sultan, successfully repelled this threat through diplomacy and military preparation. The other options ruled either too early (Qutub-ud-Din) or too late (Balban, Alauddin Khilji) to face Chengiz Khan's invasion.

The Moplah (Mappila) rebellions of 1836 and 1854 were primarily agrarian uprisings against the Hindu landlords (jenmis) who exploited the Muslim peasant tenants. While religion played a role, the core issue was economic exploitation and tenurial rights.

Awadh was annexed in 1856 under the doctrine of 'maladministration' - Dalhousie claimed the Nawab of Awadh was misgoverning the state. This was a pretext for annexation, not the actual Policy of Subsidiary Alliance (which was a different instrument) or Doctrine of Lapse (which applied to childless rulers).

Correct; correctly supplies the past tense verbs renamed and used to describe two actions performed in 1327; also, it idiomatically employs the phrase used Delhi as a garrison, in which 'used as' means utilized in the capacity of.

Mysore under Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan had significant French influence in their military and administration through French advisors like Lally and Bussy. Hyderabad (Nizam's territory) also had French military presence under General Bussy and later French officers. Other states like Awadh, Carnatic, and Tanjore had British or other European influences.

Jhansi was annexed by the British East India Company in 1853 under the Doctrine of Lapse after the death of Raja Gangadhar Rao without a male heir. This policy allowed the British to annex any princely state where the ruler died without a natural male heir.

The Dasarajna (Battle of Ten Kings) was fought between Sudas, the Bharata king, and a confederation of ten kings. This famous battle is mentioned in the Rig Veda and resulted in the victory of Sudas, establishing Bharata supremacy in the Punjab region. It is not about Kurus fighting other groups.

Simla Agreement (signed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi  and President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto)

Mahmud Ghaznavi's invasion of Bhera (in present-day Punjab, Pakistan) was his third major expedition into India. Bhera was an important trading center on the route to Kashmir. Mahmud conducted 17 raids on India between 1000-1026 CE, with Bhera being attacked early in his campaign series.

Alauddin Khalji implemented multiple measures to prevent rebellions: confiscating property of feudal lords (iqtadars) and bringing land under direct state control (khalsa), organizing an extensive spy network, prohibiting intoxicants in Delhi, and banning social gatherings among nobility. Option D encompasses all these strategies.

Sarai-i-Adl (House of Justice) was a specialized market established by Alauddin Khalji to control prices and ensure fair trade. It was part of his market regulation system where goods were sold at fixed government-controlled rates. Option A is correct.

Alauddin Khalji's military reforms followed a sequence: first establishing regular attendance (3) to ensure discipline, then introducing horse branding (1) to prevent fraud, and finally deploying advanced technology like mortars (2). Option C correctly sequences this as 3, 1, 2.

Naqisherb was a 10% irrigation tax introduced by Firoz Tughlaq. It applied to the entire agricultural production and was collected only from those who benefited from irrigation facilities. All three statements correctly describe this tax.