Medieval and Islamic History

Taimur Lung invaded India in 1398 AD during the reign of Nasir-ud-din Mahmud Shah Tughlaq, who is often referred to as Mohd. Tughlaq in this context.

The Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque) located inside the Red Fort in Delhi was built by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb for his personal use.

Iltutmish was invited to the throne of Delhi by the military officers and the Turk Amirs of Delhi, who sought a capable ruler after the death of Qutb-ud-din Aibak and the short reign of Aram Shah.

While Qutb-ud-din Aibak founded the Slave dynasty, he ruled from Lahore. It was his successor, Iltutmish, who shifted the capital to Delhi.

Razia Sultan was the first and only female ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, reigning from 1236 to 1240.

Muhammad bin Tughlaq is often described by historians as a 'sensational mixture of opposites' or 'internal differences' due to his visionary but often impractical and contradictory policies.

Balban was the first Sultan to explicitly define the theory of kingship, emphasizing the divine right of the Sultan and the absolute power of the monarch.

As noted previously, Iltutmish was the first ruler to establish Delhi as the capital of the Sultanate, moving it from Lahore.

Alauddin Khalji is often regarded as the founder of imperialism in the medieval period because he expanded the Sultanate's reach into South India and maintained a massive standing army.

Balban adopted the title Zil-i-Ilahi, which means Shadow of God on Earth, to enhance the prestige and divine status of the Sultanate. Tute-i-Hind was a title associated with Amir Khusru.

Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti established the Chishti Order in India in the late 12th century. He settled in Ajmer, which became the center of his missionary activities.

The Mir Bakshi was the head of the military department under the Mughal administration. He was responsible for intelligence, military appointments, and salary disbursements.

Qutbuddin Aibak, Yaldauz, and Bakhtiyar Khalji were all slaves/generals of Mohammad Ghori. Iltutmish was a slave of Qutbuddin Aibak, not Ghori directly.

Mahmud Ghaznavi invaded and plundered the Somnath temple in 1025 AD during his campaigns in India.

Ibn Khordadbah, an early Islamic geographer, described the seven-fold division of Hindu society in his work, Kitab al-Masalik wa'l-Mamalik.