Medieval and Islamic History

Feroz Tughlaq's reintroduction of the Jagir system proved fatal because it granted land revenue rights to nobles and military commanders as payment instead of maintaining central control over revenue collection. This led to decentralization of power, weakened the Sultan's authority, created independent power centers, and ultimately undermined the empire's stability. The other options were not as devastating as this structural change.

Alauddin Khalji's judicial system was deliberately secular and separate from Islamic religious law (Sharia). He created a 'wordly' (secular) judicial system that gave the state supremacy over religious authorities, implementing rigorous punishments that were not necessarily based on Islamic texts. He wanted to minimize the influence of the Ulema (religious scholars) in political and judicial matters, so a system based on Islamic texts was NOT his policy.

Ibn Battuta, the famous Moroccan traveler who visited India during the 14th century, described the reign of Kaikubad (son of Nasiruddin Mahmud) as a 'very big celebration' due to the unprecedented festivities, prosperity, and grandeur he witnessed. This period was noted for its cultural flourishing and lavish court life that impressed the traveler. The other rulers were not described in such enthusiastic terms by Ibn Battuta.

Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, the founder of the Tughlaq dynasty, prohibited the production and sale of wine in Delhi as part of his policy to enforce Islamic law and moral discipline in the capital. This prohibition was part of broader reforms to create a more Islamic state structure. The question shows his name as both 'Ghiyasuddin' and 'Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq' - these refer to the same person.

The famous Persian phrase 'Hunuz Delhi Door Ast' (meaning 'Delhi is still far') was said by Nizamuddin Auliya, the renowned 14th-century Sufi saint of the Chishti order. He reportedly said this in response to being told that the Sultan was coming to arrest him - implying that by the time the Sultan arrived, Nizamuddin would already be with his Creator. It reflects his spiritual detachment and fearlessness. The other figures were not associated with this famous quote.

Sarai-Adl (also spelled Sarai-Adil) during Alauddin Khalji's reign was a designated market (mandi) for textiles, sugar, and other commodities. It was part of Alauddin's market regulation system where specific markets were established for different types of goods to control prices and prevent profiteering. It was not related to sarais (rest houses), courts, or the chief Qazi's office - it was a regulated commercial marketplace.

Bahlol Lodhi founded the Lodhi dynasty and established the Afghan tribal system of kingship. Unlike the Turkish concept of centralized monarchy, Afghan kingship emphasized selection from among the Afghan nobility rather than strict hereditary succession.

The Mongols first invaded India during Iltutmish's reign (1211-1236 CE). Though the Mongol threat became more serious later, Iltutmish faced the initial Mongol incursions and took preventive measures like constructing frontier defenses. The Chengez Khan mongol menace was a constant concern during his reign.

Alauddin Khilji notably refused to acknowledge the authority of the Abbasid Caliph and declared himself as the supreme ruler. He took the title of 'Sikander Sani' and even dropped the Caliph's name from coins and prayers, asserting complete independence from religious authority outside his realm.

Qutubuddin Aibak issued copper coins bearing Arabic inscriptions, though he may not have issued gold coins. As the first ruler of the Mamluk dynasty, he established the monetary system in the Delhi Sultanate. His successor Iltutmish expanded this by introducing the silver tanka and gold jital.

Qutubuddin Aibak ruled for only four years (1206-1210) as a subordinate of the Caliph, and coins were minted in the Caliph's name rather than his own. This reflected the nominal suzerainty of the Abbasid Caliph over the Delhi Sultanate in its early years. His successor Iltutmish later established the practice of minting coins in the Sultan's own name.

During the Sultanate period, the Majumdar (or Mustaufi) was responsible for maintaining income records and revenue accounts. This official worked under the Diwan-i-Wazarat (finance department). The Amir Kohi looked after agriculture, Muktakharaj was a revenue officer, and Diwan was a broader title for finance ministers.

Qutubuddin Aibak began construction of the Qutub Minar in 1193 and built the first storey, which is considered the main portion. Iltutmish added three more storeys later. The tower was built to celebrate his victory over the Rajputs and as a tower of victory.

Qutub Minar was built by Qutab-ud-din Aibak, the founder of the Slave Dynasty in India, starting in 1193 AD. It was completed by his successors Iltutmish and Firoz Shah Tughlaq. Aurangazeb, Jahangir, and Shahjahan were Mughal emperors who ruled much later.

Abul Fazal wrote the 'Ain-i-Akbari' (also spelled 'Aina-E-Akbari'), which is the third volume of the 'Akbarnama' - a detailed documentation of Emperor Akbar's reign, covering administration, economy, culture, and geography. Faizi was a poet, Raheem (Rahim) was a poet, and Baisan Khan is not a known author of this work.