Family and Marriage Law

Matrilineal societies can follow multiple residence rules. Neolocal couples set up new households. Matrilocal residence means living with or near the wife's family. Avunculocal residence (living with mother's brother) is particularly common in matrilineal societies as the uncle plays a key role in socialization.

Hypergamy is the practice where women marry into a social group of higher status, specifically the desire to give a daughter in marriage to a superior family. Endogamy is marrying within the same group, hypogamy is marrying into a lower group, and exogamy is marrying outside one's specific group but not necessarily to a superior one.

Statement 1 is correct: Section 2(2) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 excludes its application to Scheduled Tribes unless the Central Government extends it by notification. Statement 2 is correct: Section 125 of CrPC (1973) provides for maintenance of wife, children, and also indigent parents, and divorced wives can claim maintenance under this provision. Therefore, both statements are correct.

Changes in traditional joint families in India affect ALL these dimensions: property holding patterns (1), genealogical structure (2), the conjugal bond between husband and wife (3), and numerical size (4). Modern joint families show changes in all these aspects - from property ownership to emotional relationships.

The Indian Succession Act was enacted in 1925, making it the earliest among these laws. The Child Marriage Restraint Act (1929) came next, followed by the Special Marriage Act (1954), and finally the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act (1986). This chronological order matches option B (3-4-1-2).

In Hindu society, marriage is considered a sacrament - a sacred union that cannot be broken. In Islamic law, marriage is a contractual agreement between consenting parties. Statement 3 is incorrect because 'Sapinda' rules refer to prohibited degrees of kinship (exogamy rules forbidding marriage between close relatives), not caste endogamy which concerns marrying within one's caste.

Monogamy is the practice or state of being married to or having a relationship with only one person at a time. The prefix mono- comes from Greek and means single or alone. Fidelity refers to the quality of being faithful, which is a trait within a relationship rather than the structure itself.

Option (3) is correct: Under Section 18(3) of the Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, a Hindu wife shall not be entitled to separate residence and maintenance from her husband if she is unchaste or ceases to be a Hindu by conversion to another religion.

Option (1) is correct: Under Section 13 (1A) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, either party to a marriage may also present a petition for the dissolution of the marriage by a decree of divorce on the ground that there has been no resumption of cohabitation as between the parties to the marriage for a period of one year or upwards after the passing of a decree for judicial separation.

Option (2) is correct: Rules relating to prohibited degrees are based on the principle of polygamy.

Option (1) is incorrect: Under Section 13B of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, both the parties to a marriage together, on the ground that they have been living separately for a period of one year or more, that they have not been able to live together and that they have mutually agreed that the marriage should be dissolved. Option (2) is incorrect: Under Section 13B of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, both the parties to a marriage together, on the ground that they have been living separately for a period of one year or more, that they have not been able to live together and that they have mutually agreed that the marriage should be dissolved. Option (3) is correct: No such provision has been laid down under Section 13B of the Act. Option (4) is incorrect: Under Section 13B of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, both the parties to a marriage together, on the ground that they have been living separately for a period of one year or more, that they have not been able to live together and that they have mutually agreed that the marriage should be dissolved.

Option (3) is correct: Adultery by a Hindu husband is not only ground of divorce under Section 13 of the Hindu Marriage Act, but also a ground of judicial separation under Section 10 of the Hindu Marriage Act.

Option (2) is correct: Any marriage solemnised after the commencement of this Act shall be null and void, if it contravenes the conditions specified in clauses (iv) of Section 5.

Option (3) is correct: Actus reus under Section 497, i.e. adultery, relates to person.

Option (1) is correct: Naveen Kohil vs. Neelu Kohli’s case dealt with irretrievable breakdown of marriage.