Reasoning

Logic and Fallacies

1,716 Questions

Understand the fundamentals of propositional logic, logical inference rules, and paradoxes. This set includes identifying logical fallacies, including those found in classical Nyaya logic. Strong grasp of these concepts is crucial for scoring well in the reasoning sections of competitive tests.

Propositional logic modelsLogical inference rulesTypes of logical fallaciesParadoxes and contingent truthsNyaya logic concepts

Logic and Fallacies Questions

Multiple choice

Knowledge level describes

  1. information

  2. facts

  3. rules

  4. values
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

The knowledge level, as defined by Allen Newell, is the level of abstraction where we describe a system in terms of its knowledge (facts) and goals, independent of how that knowledge is implemented.

Multiple choice

In forward reasoning, search proceeds from

  1. the goal states

  2. the start states

  3. the problem states

  4. the intermediate states
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Forward reasoning (or data-driven reasoning) starts from the known facts (the start state) and applies rules to derive new facts until the goal state is reached.

Multiple choice

In procedural representation, logical assertions are viewed as

  1. data

  2. program

  3. both (1) and (2)

  4. none of these
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

In procedural representation, knowledge is encoded as a set of instructions or procedures to be executed. Therefore, logical assertions are viewed as programs that perform actions to solve problems.

Multiple choice

Predicate logic is the way of representing

  1. knowledge

  2. data

  3. facts

  4. information
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Predicate logic is a formal system used to represent facts and relationships between objects in a domain. It allows for the expression of complex statements about entities and their properties.

Multiple choice

That which cannot be avoided.

  1. Inevitable

  2. Irreparable

  3. Incomparable

  4. Indisputable
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Inevitable means certain to happen; unavoidable. Irreparable means impossible to rectify or repair.

Multiple choice

Which of following is a direct evidence?

  1. Evidence heard from some other person

  2. A person who personally has no knowledge

  3. A person who is having an opinion

  4. A person who has seen it

  5. /
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

A person who has directly seen or heard is a direct evidence.

Multiple choice

Rights and duties are

  1. postulates

  2. correlatives

  3. opposites

  4. parallels

  5. None of above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

(2) A right is the correlative of a relative duty, 'relative' in that is the duty to one or more persons other than oneself or the state; or as the correlative of a conditional duty, 'conditional' in that the possessor of the right may choose not to exercise it.

Multiple choice

An explanation of an observation.

  1. Hypothesis

  2. Inference

  3. Prediction

  4. Conclusion
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

An inference is a logical interpretation or explanation based on prior knowledge and observations. It goes beyond the raw observation itself.

Multiple choice validating statements proofs in mathematics mathematical reasoning maths

Name the technique used in the first step of the solution to the problem below :
Verify that 5 is irrational
Solution : Let us assume that 5 is rational

  1. Counter example

  2. Direct method

  3. By Contradiction

  4. Contrapositive method
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

The proof technique that starts by assuming the negation of the statement to reach a contradiction is called proof by contradiction.