Reasoning

Logic and Fallacies

1,716 Questions

Understand the fundamentals of propositional logic, logical inference rules, and paradoxes. This set includes identifying logical fallacies, including those found in classical Nyaya logic. Strong grasp of these concepts is crucial for scoring well in the reasoning sections of competitive tests.

Propositional logic modelsLogical inference rulesTypes of logical fallaciesParadoxes and contingent truthsNyaya logic concepts

Logic and Fallacies Questions

Multiple choice

Which of the following definitions is/are correct?

  1. Proved: A fact is said to be proved when, after considering the matters before it, the court either believes it to exist or considers its existence so probable that a prudent man ought, under the circumstances of the particular case, to act upon the supposition that it exists. The degree of certainty which must be arrived at before a fact is said to be proved is described in this section.

  2. Disproved: A fact is said to be disproved when, after considering the matters before it, the court either believes that it does not exist or considers its non-existence so probable that a prudent man ought, under the circumstances of the particular case, to act upon the supposition that it does not exist.

  3. Not Proved: A fact is said to be not proved when it is neither proved not disproved.

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

All are correct definitions provided under the Indian Evidence Act.

Multiple choice

Which of the following statements is not true regarding inductive reasoning?

  1. The premises seek to supply strong evidence for the truth of the conclusion.

  2. Inductive reasoning is also known as hypothesis construction.

  3. Mathematical induction is a form of inductive reasoning.

  4. Inductive reasoning allows for the possibility that the conclusion is false.

  5. Inductive reasoning is uncertain.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

The definition of inductive reasoning excludes mathematical induction, which is a form of deductive reasoning.

Multiple choice

What is a proposition that is unproven called?

  1. Conjecture

  2. Premise

  3. Main contention

  4. Co-premise

  5. Logical consequence
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

A conjecture is a proposition that is unproven. Karl Popper pioneered the use of the term conjecture in scientific philosophy. Conjecture is related to hypothesis, which in science refers to a testable conjecture. In mathematics, a conjecture is an unproven proposition that appears correct.

Multiple choice

What does the term 'fact-in-issue' mean?

  1. Connected facts

  2. Facts asserted by party

  3. Facts denied by party

  4. Facts asserted by one party and denied by other

  5. None of the above
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D Correct answer
Explanation

A fact asserted by one party and denied by other party is known as fact in issue.

Multiple choice

Directions: Pick the odd one out.

  1. Assumption

  2. Hypothesis

  3. Tentative

  4. Evidence
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D Correct answer
Explanation

Evidence is the odd one out because it refers to factual proof or established facts, while assumption, hypothesis, and tentative all relate to ideas, beliefs, or positions that are uncertain, speculative, or not yet proven. Evidence represents certainty versus the speculative nature of the other three.

Multiple choice

What is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon called?

  1. Research

  2. Mathematical logic

  3. Hypothesis

  4. Proposition

  5. Axiom
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

A hypothesis (plural hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. For a hypothesis to be a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it.

Multiple choice

For acceptance to be considered as valid, it must

  1. be absolute

  2. be unqualified

  3. be both absolute and unqualified

  4. be conditional
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Acceptance must be unqualified and absolute, and must correspond with all the terms of the offer.