Reasoning

Logic and Fallacies

1,803 Questions

Understand the fundamentals of propositional logic, logical inference rules, and paradoxes. This set includes identifying logical fallacies, including those found in classical Nyaya logic. Strong grasp of these concepts is crucial for scoring well in the reasoning sections of competitive tests.

Propositional logic modelsLogical inference rulesTypes of logical fallaciesParadoxes and contingent truthsNyaya logic concepts

Logic and Fallacies Questions

Multiple choice

If the p-value is less than the significance level, then:

  1. We reject the null hypothesis

  2. We fail to reject the null hypothesis

  3. We make a correct decision

  4. We make an incorrect decision
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

If the p-value is less than the significance level, then we reject the null hypothesis.

Multiple choice

If the p-value is greater than the significance level, then:

  1. We reject the null hypothesis

  2. We fail to reject the null hypothesis

  3. We make a correct decision

  4. We make an incorrect decision
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

If the p-value is greater than the significance level, then we fail to reject the null hypothesis.

Multiple choice

The power of a hypothesis test is the probability of:

  1. Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true

  2. Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false

  3. Making a correct decision

  4. Making an incorrect decision
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
Correct answer
Explanation

The power of a hypothesis test is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually false.

Multiple choice

The alternative hypothesis is:

  1. The hypothesis that is being tested

  2. The hypothesis that is assumed to be true

  3. The hypothesis that is rejected if the test statistic is significant

  4. The hypothesis that is accepted if the test statistic is not significant
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

The alternative hypothesis is the hypothesis that is being tested. It is the hypothesis that is being compared to the null hypothesis.

Multiple choice

The power of a test is:

  1. The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis, assuming the null hypothesis is true

  2. The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis, assuming the alternative hypothesis is true

  3. The probability of accepting the null hypothesis, assuming the null hypothesis is true

  4. The probability of accepting the null hypothesis, assuming the alternative hypothesis is true
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

The power of a test is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis, assuming the alternative hypothesis is true. It is typically calculated using the non-central t-distribution.

Multiple choice

Which of the following is NOT a type of truth?

  1. Objective truth

  2. Subjective truth

  3. Absolute truth

  4. Relative truth
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Absolute truth is not a type of truth. It is a metaphysical concept.

Multiple choice

Which of the following is NOT a theory of truth?

  1. Deflationary theory

  2. Inflationary theory

  3. Minimalist theory

  4. Pluralist theory
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Inflationary theory is not a theory of truth. It is a theory of cosmology.

Multiple choice

What is the fallacy of affirming the consequent?

  1. Assuming that if the consequent of a conditional statement is true, then the antecedent must also be true.

  2. Assuming that if the antecedent of a conditional statement is true, then the consequent must also be true.

  3. Assuming that if the negation of the consequent of a conditional statement is true, then the negation of the antecedent must also be true.

  4. Assuming that if the negation of the antecedent of a conditional statement is true, then the negation of the consequent must also be true.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

The fallacy of affirming the consequent is the logical fallacy of assuming that if the consequent of a conditional statement is true, then the antecedent must also be true. This is a fallacy because the truth of the consequent does not guarantee the truth of the antecedent.

Multiple choice

What is the fallacy of denying the antecedent?

  1. Assuming that if the antecedent of a conditional statement is false, then the consequent must also be false.

  2. Assuming that if the consequent of a conditional statement is false, then the antecedent must also be false.

  3. Assuming that if the negation of the antecedent of a conditional statement is true, then the negation of the consequent must also be true.

  4. Assuming that if the negation of the consequent of a conditional statement is true, then the negation of the antecedent must also be true.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

The fallacy of denying the antecedent is the logical fallacy of assuming that if the antecedent of a conditional statement is false, then the consequent must also be false. This is a fallacy because the falsity of the antecedent does not guarantee the falsity of the consequent.

Multiple choice

What is a priori reasoning?

  1. Reasoning that is based on evidence.

  2. Reasoning that is based on experience.

  3. Reasoning that is based on intuition.

  4. Reasoning that is based on logic.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

A priori reasoning is reasoning that is based on logic.

Multiple choice

Which of the following is an example of a straw man fallacy?

  1. Assuming that your opponent's argument is weaker than it actually is.

  2. Attacking your opponent's character rather than their argument.

  3. Ignoring evidence that contradicts your own position.

  4. Changing the subject of the argument to avoid addressing the main point.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

A straw man fallacy occurs when you misrepresent your opponent's argument in order to make it easier to attack. This can be done by exaggerating their claims, ignoring their qualifications, or simply changing the subject.

Multiple choice

Which of the following is an example of an ad hominem fallacy?

  1. Attacking your opponent's character rather than their argument.

  2. Assuming that your opponent's argument is weaker than it actually is.

  3. Ignoring evidence that contradicts your own position.

  4. Changing the subject of the argument to avoid addressing the main point.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

An ad hominem fallacy occurs when you attack your opponent's character rather than their argument. This can be done by making personal insults, questioning their motives, or simply trying to discredit them.

Multiple choice

Which of the following is an example of a tu quoque fallacy?

  1. Responding to an accusation by pointing out that the accuser is also guilty of the same thing.

  2. Assuming that your opponent's argument is weaker than it actually is.

  3. Ignoring evidence that contradicts your own position.

  4. Changing the subject of the argument to avoid addressing the main point.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

A tu quoque fallacy occurs when you respond to an accusation by pointing out that the accuser is also guilty of the same thing. This is a logical fallacy because it does not address the validity of the accusation itself.

Multiple choice

Which of the following is an example of a red herring fallacy?

  1. Introducing a new topic or argument that is irrelevant to the main point of the discussion.

  2. Assuming that your opponent's argument is weaker than it actually is.

  3. Ignoring evidence that contradicts your own position.

  4. Changing the subject of the argument to avoid addressing the main point.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

A red herring fallacy occurs when you introduce a new topic or argument that is irrelevant to the main point of the discussion. This can be done in order to distract your opponent, confuse the issue, or simply avoid addressing the main point.

Multiple choice

Which of the following is an example of a circular argument?

  1. Assuming that the conclusion of an argument is true in order to prove the conclusion.

  2. Assuming that your opponent's argument is weaker than it actually is.

  3. Ignoring evidence that contradicts your own position.

  4. Changing the subject of the argument to avoid addressing the main point.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

A circular argument occurs when you assume that the conclusion of an argument is true in order to prove the conclusion. This is a logical fallacy because it does not provide any new evidence to support the conclusion.