Reasoning

Logic and Fallacies

1,716 Questions

Understand the fundamentals of propositional logic, logical inference rules, and paradoxes. This set includes identifying logical fallacies, including those found in classical Nyaya logic. Strong grasp of these concepts is crucial for scoring well in the reasoning sections of competitive tests.

Propositional logic modelsLogical inference rulesTypes of logical fallaciesParadoxes and contingent truthsNyaya logic concepts

Logic and Fallacies Questions

Multiple choice

In mathematics, what is the term for a mathematical statement that is assumed to be true without proof?

  1. Axiom

  2. Theorem

  3. Postulate

  4. Conjecture
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A Correct answer
Explanation

An axiom is a mathematical statement that is assumed to be true without proof and serves as a foundation for mathematical reasoning.

Multiple choice

In mathematics, what is the term for a mathematical statement that is not yet proven or disproven?

  1. Conjecture

  2. Theorem

  3. Axiom

  4. Postulate
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A Correct answer
Explanation

A conjecture is a mathematical statement that is not yet proven or disproven and is based on evidence or intuition.

Multiple choice

Which of the following is NOT a common argument for the existence of mathematical objects?

  1. The argument from mathematical beauty.

  2. The argument from mathematical necessity.

  3. The argument from mathematical applicability.

  4. The argument from mathematical certainty.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

The argument from mathematical certainty is not a common argument for the existence of mathematical objects, as it is based on the assumption that mathematical objects exist in order to explain their certainty.

Multiple choice

What is the name of the argument that claims that the applicability of mathematics is evidence for the existence of mathematical objects?

  1. The argument from mathematical beauty.

  2. The argument from mathematical necessity.

  3. The argument from mathematical applicability.

  4. The argument from mathematical certainty.
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C Correct answer
Explanation

The argument from mathematical applicability claims that the applicability of mathematics is evidence for the existence of mathematical objects, as it is difficult to explain how something that does not exist could be applied to the real world.

Multiple choice

Which of the following is NOT a common objection to the existence of mathematical objects?

  1. The objection from circularity.

  2. The objection from vagueness.

  3. The objection from inconsistency.

  4. The objection from incompleteness.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

The objection from vagueness is not a common objection to the existence of mathematical objects, as it is based on the assumption that mathematical objects are vague, which is not necessarily the case.

Multiple choice

What is the name of the objection that claims that the definitions of mathematical objects are circular?

  1. The objection from circularity.

  2. The objection from vagueness.

  3. The objection from inconsistency.

  4. The objection from incompleteness.
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A Correct answer
Explanation

The objection from circularity claims that the definitions of mathematical objects are circular, as they rely on other mathematical objects that are defined in terms of the first object.

Multiple choice

What is the name of the objection that claims that mathematical objects are vague?

  1. The objection from circularity.

  2. The objection from vagueness.

  3. The objection from inconsistency.

  4. The objection from incompleteness.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

The objection from vagueness claims that mathematical objects are vague, as they cannot be precisely defined.

Multiple choice

What is the name of the objection that claims that mathematical objects are inconsistent?

  1. The objection from circularity.

  2. The objection from vagueness.

  3. The objection from inconsistency.

  4. The objection from incompleteness.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

The objection from inconsistency claims that mathematical objects are inconsistent, as there are different mathematical systems that are inconsistent with each other.

Multiple choice

What is the name of the objection that claims that mathematics is incomplete?

  1. The objection from circularity.

  2. The objection from vagueness.

  3. The objection from inconsistency.

  4. The objection from incompleteness.
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D Correct answer
Explanation

The objection from incompleteness claims that mathematics is incomplete, as there are mathematical statements that cannot be proven or disproven within a given mathematical system.

Multiple choice

What is the truth value of a statement?

  1. True

  2. False

  3. Indeterminate

  4. None of the above
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A Correct answer
Explanation

The truth value of a statement is either true or false. A statement is true if it accurately describes the way things are in the world, and it is false if it does not accurately describe the way things are in the world.

Multiple choice

What is the term for the logical fallacy in which a conclusion is drawn from a premise that is not logically related to it?

  1. Ad hominem

  2. Non sequitur

  3. Post hoc ergo propter hoc

  4. Affirming the consequent
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Non sequitur is a logical fallacy in which a conclusion is drawn from a premise that is not logically related to it, resulting in an invalid argument.

Multiple choice

What is the term for the logical fallacy in which a conclusion is drawn based on an insufficient number of observations or evidence?

  1. Hasty generalization

  2. Appeal to ignorance

  3. Circular reasoning

  4. False dichotomy
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A Correct answer
Explanation

Hasty generalization is a logical fallacy in which a conclusion is drawn based on an insufficient number of observations or evidence, leading to an unreliable or biased generalization.

Multiple choice

What is the term for the logical fallacy in which a conclusion is drawn based on a false dilemma, presenting only two options when there are more?

  1. False dichotomy

  2. Appeal to emotion

  3. Ad hominem

  4. Straw man
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A Correct answer
Explanation

False dichotomy is a logical fallacy in which a conclusion is drawn based on a false dilemma, presenting only two options when there are more, thus limiting the scope of the argument.

Multiple choice

What is the term for the logical fallacy in which a conclusion is drawn based on an assumption that is not explicitly stated or supported by evidence?

  1. Begging the question

  2. Circular reasoning

  3. Ad hominem

  4. Appeal to ignorance
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A Correct answer
Explanation

Begging the question is a logical fallacy in which a conclusion is drawn based on an assumption that is not explicitly stated or supported by evidence, essentially assuming the conclusion as a premise.

Multiple choice

What is the term for the logical fallacy in which a conclusion is drawn based on a weak or irrelevant analogy?

  1. False analogy

  2. Appeal to emotion

  3. Ad hominem

  4. Straw man
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A Correct answer
Explanation

False analogy is a logical fallacy in which a conclusion is drawn based on a weak or irrelevant analogy, where the similarities between the two situations are insufficient to support the argument.