Diversity in Living Organisms

 Sponges have evolved from colonial choanoflagellates.

Mushroom belongs to the kingdom of Fungi. They are heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms as they derive their food from organic wastes. 

Mode of nutrition is different in plants and fungi. Plants have autotrophic mode of nutrition as they prepare their own food whereas fungi are heterotrophic eukaryotes as they depend on other organisms for food. They depend on decaying organic matter for food.

A planaria is a simple, multicellular organism and it can regenerate its lost body parts.

Lichens are composite organisms consisting of a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner, typically algae or cyanobacteria. Therefore, algae and fungi are the primary components.

This is because it has no resemblance in structure or modes of reproduction to photosynthetic protists, it has resemblance with Multicellular green algae included in kingdom Plantae and also because of evolutionary continuity.

Bacterial flagella are primarily composed of a protein called flagellin. This protein polymerizes to form the helical filament that rotates to propel the bacterium.

Amphitrichous bacteria have a single flagellum or a tuft of flagella at both ends of the cell. This allows for movement in either direction.

Peritrichous bacteria have flagella distributed over the entire surface of the cell. This arrangement allows for efficient movement in various environments.

Atrichous bacteria are defined by the complete absence of flagella. They are generally non-motile.

Lophotrichous bacteria have a tuft of flagella at one end of the cell. This arrangement helps the bacteria move rapidly through their environment.

Flagella are the primary organelles used by bacteria for locomotion. They act like propellers to move the cell through liquid media.

Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic organisms, meaning they lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. Fungi are eukaryotes, and the other options are not biological classifications in this context.

In the context of thermodynamics and biological metaphors, a system that is metastable is not in its lowest energy state. Death represents the state of maximum entropy and equilibrium, which is the ultimate stable state for a biological system.

Under Whittaker's five-kingdom classification system, the kingdom Protista specifically comprises all unicellular eukaryotic organisms. Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia primarily consist of multicellular eukaryotes, though some simple fungi like yeasts are unicellular.