Law Legal Studies · Civics Polity

Legal Principles and Doctrines

2,603 Questions

Legal principles and doctrines establish the foundational rules of jurisprudence and civil rights. Questions cover constitutional reasonable restrictions, courtroom evidence standards, and property laws. These topics are strictly necessary for law legal studies exams and judicial services prelims.

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Legal Principles and Doctrines Questions

Multiple choice
  1. innuendo

  2. slander

  3. libel

  4. None of these

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Option (1) is incorrect: An indirect intimation about a person or thing, mostly of a disparaging nature, is called innuendo. Option (2) is correct: Defamation by oral utterance rather than by writing, pictures, etc. is called slander. Option (3) is incorrect: Defamation by written or printed words, pictures or in any form other than by spoken words or gestures is called libel.

 

Multiple choice
  1. Only by endorsement

  2. By a seperate instrument in writing only

  3. By a separate instrument in writing as well as by endorsement

  4. None of these

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Right answer because Assignment can be made by a separate instrument in writing as well as by endorsement. In assignment, all the rights and liabilities are transferred to the assignee, so it can be made by transferring in the name of assignee on the policy itself, or by a seperate instrument in writing. 

Multiple choice
  1. The adventure must be lawful and must not be used for illegal purpose

  2. The ship shall not deviate from the route prescribed in the policy

  3. The ship is fit in all respects for the voyage when its starts sailing

  4. The ship shall carry all the necessary documents

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

This warranty implies that ship is fit in all respects when it starts sailing. The ship must be suitably constructed, properly manned and equipped, sufficiently fuelled that is the main reason that it is right answer here.

Multiple choice

What does the defense counsel accuse people in high places of doing?

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Esteemed members of the Jury …. If you want to condemn these twenty men, then do it. I beseech no kindness on behalf of any one of them. They are no better than any other twenty men or women; they are no better than the millions down through the times who have been indicted and convicted in cases like this. And if it is obligatory for my clients to show that America is like all the rest, if it is necessary that my clients shall go to penitentiary to show it, then let them go. They can afford it if you members of the jury can; make no mistake about that.

The State says my clients “dare to disparage the Constitution.” Yet this police officer (who the State says is a fine, right–living person) twice dishonored the federal Constitution while a prosecuting attorney was standing by. They entered Mr. Foster’s home without a search warrant. They overhauled his papers. They found a flag, a red one, which he had the same right to have in his house that you have to keep a green one, or a yellow one, or any other color, and the officer daringly rolled it up and put another flag on the wall, nailed it there. By what right was that done? What about this kind of patriotism that violates the Constitution? Has it come to pass in this country that officers of the law can trample on constitutional rights and then excuse it in a court of justice?

Most of what has been shown to this jury to incite emotions in your souls has not the least bearing on confirming conspiracy in this case. Take Mr. Hepburn’s speech in Aspen. It is devoid of any conspiracy whatsoever.

Whether that speech was a comic story or was serious, I shall spare the efforts of discussing it. But I shall make a point to state that if it was serious it was as gentle as a summer’s spell of rain in contrast with many of the avowals of those who are accountable for working conditions in this country. We have heard from people of position assert that individuals who carp the actions of those who are getting prosperous should be put in a cement ship with leaden sails and sent out to sea. Every vicious appeal that could be envisaged by the brain has been used by the dominant and the strong. I reiterate, Mr. Hepburn’s speech was gentle in comparison.

My clients are damned because they say in their platform that, while they vote, they believe the ballot is secondary to education and organization. Counsel proposes that those who get something they did not vote for are sinners, but I guess you the jury know in true light that my clients are right. Most of you have an eight–hour day. Did you get it by any vote you ever cast? No. It came about because workers laid down their tools and said we will no longer work until we get an eight–hour day. That is how they got the twelve–hour day, the ten–hour day, and the eight–hour day–not by voting but by laying down their tools. Then when it was over and the victory won . . . then the politicians, in order to get the labor vote, passed legislation creating an eight–hour day. That is how things changed; victory preceded law . . .

You have been informed that if you acquit these defendants you will be despised because you will endorse everything they believe. But I am not here to defend my clients’ belief. I am here to protect their right to communicate their outlook. I ask you, then; to make your mind up on this case upon the facts as you have heard them, in light of the law as you infer it, in light of the history of our country, whose foundation you and I are ought to guard.

  1. Trying to kill Communist Party members

  2. Advocating violence against labor sympathisers

  3. Lying to the jury

  4. Encouraging the use of harsh punishment against criminals

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Correct answer is (2). According to lines, we have heard from people of position assert that individuals who carp the actions of those who are getting prosperous should be put in a cement ship with leaden sails and sent out to sea. This idea is paraphrased in choice (2). Answer choice (1) is one of the traps. According to the lawyer, people in high places have suggested that labor sympathisers be sent on ship, but that doesn't mean the people in high places have actually sent anyone.  Answer choice (4) is another trap. The people in high places have advocated violence against labour sympathisers, but the labour sympathisers are not necessarily criminals.

Multiple choice

The defense counsel's defense relies mainly on arguing before the jury that _______.

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Esteemed members of the Jury …. If you want to condemn these twenty men, then do it. I beseech no kindness on behalf of any one of them. They are no better than any other twenty men or women; they are no better than the millions down through the times who have been indicted and convicted in cases like this. And if it is obligatory for my clients to show that America is like all the rest, if it is necessary that my clients shall go to penitentiary to show it, then let them go. They can afford it if you members of the jury can; make no mistake about that.

The State says my clients “dare to disparage the Constitution.” Yet this police officer (who the State says is a fine, right–living person) twice dishonored the federal Constitution while a prosecuting attorney was standing by. They entered Mr. Foster’s home without a search warrant. They overhauled his papers. They found a flag, a red one, which he had the same right to have in his house that you have to keep a green one, or a yellow one, or any other color, and the officer daringly rolled it up and put another flag on the wall, nailed it there. By what right was that done? What about this kind of patriotism that violates the Constitution? Has it come to pass in this country that officers of the law can trample on constitutional rights and then excuse it in a court of justice?

Most of what has been shown to this jury to incite emotions in your souls has not the least bearing on confirming conspiracy in this case. Take Mr. Hepburn’s speech in Aspen. It is devoid of any conspiracy whatsoever.

Whether that speech was a comic story or was serious, I shall spare the efforts of discussing it. But I shall make a point to state that if it was serious it was as gentle as a summer’s spell of rain in contrast with many of the avowals of those who are accountable for working conditions in this country. We have heard from people of position assert that individuals who carp the actions of those who are getting prosperous should be put in a cement ship with leaden sails and sent out to sea. Every vicious appeal that could be envisaged by the brain has been used by the dominant and the strong. I reiterate, Mr. Hepburn’s speech was gentle in comparison.

My clients are damned because they say in their platform that, while they vote, they believe the ballot is secondary to education and organization. Counsel proposes that those who get something they did not vote for are sinners, but I guess you the jury know in true light that my clients are right. Most of you have an eight–hour day. Did you get it by any vote you ever cast? No. It came about because workers laid down their tools and said we will no longer work until we get an eight–hour day. That is how they got the twelve–hour day, the ten–hour day, and the eight–hour day–not by voting but by laying down their tools. Then when it was over and the victory won . . . then the politicians, in order to get the labor vote, passed legislation creating an eight–hour day. That is how things changed; victory preceded law . . .

You have been informed that if you acquit these defendants you will be despised because you will endorse everything they believe. But I am not here to defend my clients’ belief. I am here to protect their right to communicate their outlook. I ask you, then; to make your mind up on this case upon the facts as you have heard them, in light of the law as you infer it, in light of the history of our country, whose foundation you and I are ought to guard.

  1. the prosecution is using a double standard

  2. the evidence used by the prosecution is unreliable

  3. the defendants' views are similar to those of the jury

  4. labor unions are guaranteed the right to hold a strike

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Correct answer is (1). The lawyer believes that the prosecution is using a double standard. The second paragraph cites more examples of how the lawyer shows that the prosecution is guilty of doing exactly what it has accused the defendants of doing. In this case, the accused are said to have used violent words and the lawyer is giving examples of violent threats that have been aimed at the defendants. Answer choice (2) is close but the evidence is not unreliable. The lawyer's point is unconstitutional means.

Multiple choice

The statement,''They can afford it if your members of the jury can'' is most likely meant to imply that _________.

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Esteemed members of the Jury …. If you want to condemn these twenty men, then do it. I beseech no kindness on behalf of any one of them. They are no better than any other twenty men or women; they are no better than the millions down through the times who have been indicted and convicted in cases like this. And if it is obligatory for my clients to show that America is like all the rest, if it is necessary that my clients shall go to penitentiary to show it, then let them go. They can afford it if you members of the jury can; make no mistake about that.

The State says my clients “dare to disparage the Constitution.” Yet this police officer (who the State says is a fine, right–living person) twice dishonored the federal Constitution while a prosecuting attorney was standing by. They entered Mr. Foster’s home without a search warrant. They overhauled his papers. They found a flag, a red one, which he had the same right to have in his house that you have to keep a green one, or a yellow one, or any other color, and the officer daringly rolled it up and put another flag on the wall, nailed it there. By what right was that done? What about this kind of patriotism that violates the Constitution? Has it come to pass in this country that officers of the law can trample on constitutional rights and then excuse it in a court of justice?

Most of what has been shown to this jury to incite emotions in your souls has not the least bearing on confirming conspiracy in this case. Take Mr. Hepburn’s speech in Aspen. It is devoid of any conspiracy whatsoever.

Whether that speech was a comic story or was serious, I shall spare the efforts of discussing it. But I shall make a point to state that if it was serious it was as gentle as a summer’s spell of rain in contrast with many of the avowals of those who are accountable for working conditions in this country. We have heard from people of position assert that individuals who carp the actions of those who are getting prosperous should be put in a cement ship with leaden sails and sent out to sea. Every vicious appeal that could be envisaged by the brain has been used by the dominant and the strong. I reiterate, Mr. Hepburn’s speech was gentle in comparison.

My clients are damned because they say in their platform that, while they vote, they believe the ballot is secondary to education and organization. Counsel proposes that those who get something they did not vote for are sinners, but I guess you the jury know in true light that my clients are right. Most of you have an eight–hour day. Did you get it by any vote you ever cast? No. It came about because workers laid down their tools and said we will no longer work until we get an eight–hour day. That is how they got the twelve–hour day, the ten–hour day, and the eight–hour day–not by voting but by laying down their tools. Then when it was over and the victory won . . . then the politicians, in order to get the labor vote, passed legislation creating an eight–hour day. That is how things changed; victory preceded law . . .

You have been informed that if you acquit these defendants you will be despised because you will endorse everything they believe. But I am not here to defend my clients’ belief. I am here to protect their right to communicate their outlook. I ask you, then; to make your mind up on this case upon the facts as you have heard them, in light of the law as you infer it, in light of the history of our country, whose foundation you and I are ought to guard.

  1. the defendants will not be harmed if sentenced

  2. if the jurors convict the defendants, they will be ruthlessly censured

  3. the defendants do not care whether they are convicted

  4. if the defendants are found guilty, everyone's rights will be threatened

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Correct answer is (4). After the quoted statement, the lawyer goes on to talk about the abuse of constitutional and personal liberty by people in authority. Keeping in mind that his defendant loves America, one can see that choice (4) is the most patriotic answer. If the jury finds the defendants guilty, it will be saying, in effect, that abuses of constitutional rights are okay. This will threaten everybody's freedom. Lawyer is concerned about constitutional rights in America. Choice (4) is also most consistent with the main idea of the passage. Answer choice (1) is way off base. Whether the defendants will be harmed if convicted is not the issue. Answer choice (2) is wrong; there's nothing in the passage to suggest that the jurors would be criticized if they were to convict the defendants. (In fact, the opposite would probably be true.) Remember, the passage is about constitutional rights and abuses of those rights, not the reputation of the jurors. Answer choice (3) doesn't make any sense. Of course the defendants care whether they are convicted!

Multiple choice

Defense Counsel's defense hinges on the ability of the jurors to _______.

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Esteemed members of the Jury …. If you want to condemn these twenty men, then do it. I beseech no kindness on behalf of any one of them. They are no better than any other twenty men or women; they are no better than the millions down through the times who have been indicted and convicted in cases like this. And if it is obligatory for my clients to show that America is like all the rest, if it is necessary that my clients shall go to penitentiary to show it, then let them go. They can afford it if you members of the jury can; make no mistake about that.

The State says my clients “dare to disparage the Constitution.” Yet this police officer (who the State says is a fine, right–living person) twice dishonored the federal Constitution while a prosecuting attorney was standing by. They entered Mr. Foster’s home without a search warrant. They overhauled his papers. They found a flag, a red one, which he had the same right to have in his house that you have to keep a green one, or a yellow one, or any other color, and the officer daringly rolled it up and put another flag on the wall, nailed it there. By what right was that done? What about this kind of patriotism that violates the Constitution? Has it come to pass in this country that officers of the law can trample on constitutional rights and then excuse it in a court of justice?

Most of what has been shown to this jury to incite emotions in your souls has not the least bearing on confirming conspiracy in this case. Take Mr. Hepburn’s speech in Aspen. It is devoid of any conspiracy whatsoever.

Whether that speech was a comic story or was serious, I shall spare the efforts of discussing it. But I shall make a point to state that if it was serious it was as gentle as a summer’s spell of rain in contrast with many of the avowals of those who are accountable for working conditions in this country. We have heard from people of position assert that individuals who carp the actions of those who are getting prosperous should be put in a cement ship with leaden sails and sent out to sea. Every vicious appeal that could be envisaged by the brain has been used by the dominant and the strong. I reiterate, Mr. Hepburn’s speech was gentle in comparison.

My clients are damned because they say in their platform that, while they vote, they believe the ballot is secondary to education and organization. Counsel proposes that those who get something they did not vote for are sinners, but I guess you the jury know in true light that my clients are right. Most of you have an eight–hour day. Did you get it by any vote you ever cast? No. It came about because workers laid down their tools and said we will no longer work until we get an eight–hour day. That is how they got the twelve–hour day, the ten–hour day, and the eight–hour day–not by voting but by laying down their tools. Then when it was over and the victory won . . . then the politicians, in order to get the labor vote, passed legislation creating an eight–hour day. That is how things changed; victory preceded law . . .

You have been informed that if you acquit these defendants you will be despised because you will endorse everything they believe. But I am not here to defend my clients’ belief. I am here to protect their right to communicate their outlook. I ask you, then; to make your mind up on this case upon the facts as you have heard them, in light of the law as you infer it, in light of the history of our country, whose foundation you and I are ought to guard.

  1. understand complicated legal terms and procedures

  2. sympathise with union organisers

  3. comprehend the beliefs of the Communist Labour Party

  4. separate the defendants rights from their views

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Correct answer is (4). This question asks you to determine what the lawyer is trying to get the jury to go through implication and examples. The accused are said to be a threat to the constitution and the country. The lawyer's summation also points to an inconsistency in the prosecution (second paragraph) to highlight constitutionality as the issue, not communism. All the testimony rely on getting away from what the defendants believe and focus on their right under the Constitution to have this belief.

Multiple choice
  1. Doctrine of harmonious construction

  2. Doctrine of Colourable legislation

  3. Doctrine of pith and substance

  4. None of the above

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

The doctrine of colourability is the idea that when the legislature wants to do something that it cannot do within the constraints of the constitution, it colours the law with a substitute purpose which will still allow it to accomplish its original goal.

Multiple choice
  1. Certiorari

  2. Mandamus

  3. Quo warranto

  4. Habeas corpus

  5. None of the above

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Writ of certiorari is issued by a higher court to a lower court when the superior court believes that either the inferior court had no jurisdiction or committed an error of law or acting contrary to the rules of natural justice. Thus, it is the correct answer.

Multiple choice
  1. Mandamus

  2. Habeas corpus

  3. Certiorari

  4. Quo warranto

  5. None of the above

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

The writ of certiorari is issued by a higher court to a lower court or tribunal either to transfer a case pending with that to it or squash its order. Thus, writ of certiorari can be issued only against the judicial or quasi judicial authorities. It is the correct answer.

Multiple choice
  1. convention of conservatism

  2. convention of disclosure

  3. convention of materiality

  4. accrual concept

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

The convention of full disclosure requires that all material information must be disclosed in the financial statements, preventing the practice of window dressing or hiding the true financial position.

Multiple choice
  1. strict punishment

  2. strict invigilation

  3. open book examination

  4. none of the above

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Open book examinations shift the focus from memorization to understanding and application, which reduces the incentive for cheating.