Legal Principles and Doctrines

Option (1) is incorrect: An agent cannot be appointed by a minor. Option (2) is correct: Under the Indian Contract Act, 1872, an agent can only be appointed by a person who is major and who is of sound mind. Option (3) is incorrect: An agent can be appointed only by a major of sound mind. Option (4) is incorrect: An agent can be appointed only by a major of sound mind.

Option (1) is incorrect: Section 45 of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 provides joint transfer for consideration. Option (2) is incorrect: Section 15 of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 provides transfer to a class, some of whom come under Sections 13 and 14. Option (3) is incorrect: Section 53A of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 deals with part performance. Option (4) is correct: Section 35 of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 deals with the doctrine of election.

Option (1) is incorrect: Explanation III to Section 11 states that the matter above referred to must in the former suit have been alleged by one party and either denied or admitted, expressly or impliedly, by the other. Option (2) is correct: Explanation IV to Section 11 talks about constructive res judicata. Option (3) is incorrect: Explanation VI to Section 11 talks about representative persons.

Option (1) is incorrect: Order VII, Rule 10 of the CPC deals with return of plaint. Option (2) is incorrect: Order VII, Rule 10A of the CPC provides for power of court to fix a date of appearance in the court, where plaint is to be filed after its return. Option (3) is correct: Order VII, Rule 11 the of CPC provides for rejection of plaint. Option (4) is incorrect.  

Habeas corpus is a legal writ that requires a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court. It's specifically designed to protect individual liberty against unlawful detention. Certiorari deals with judicial review, and quo warranto questions authority.

An avocation is a hobby, side interest, or minor occupation pursued alongside one's main vocation or career. It's something done for pleasure rather than as a primary profession. Option D is correct. It does not mean legal pleading, contradiction, or main occupation - those are the opposite or unrelated concepts.

Under Section 3 of Transfer of property act, 1882, 'attested' in relation to an instrument means attested by two or more witnesses.

Option (1) is correct: Power to recall any witness(es) under Section 311 of the CrPC can be exercised at any stage of any inquiry, trial or other proceedings under this code. Option (2) is incorrect: No such provision Option (3) is incorrect: No such provision Option (4) is incorrect: No such provision

Option (1) is incorrect: A complaint may relate to both cognizable and non-cognizable offences. Option (2) is incorrect: A complaint may relate to both cognizable and non-cognizable offences. Option (3) is correct: A complaint may relate to both cognizable and non-cognizable offences. Option (4) is incorrect: No such provision

Option (1) is incorrect: An accused can be a witness. Option (2) is incorrect: An accused can be compelled to give his own evidence generally. Option (3) is correct: Under the provision of Section 315, an accused shall not be called as a witness, except on his own request in writing. Option (4) is incorrect: Neither (1) nor (2)

Option (1) is incorrect: Trial in wrong place doesn’t vitiate itself till it causes failure of justice.

Option (1) is incorrect: No such provision Option (2) is incorrect: No such provision Option (3) is correct: The court may alter or add to any charge any time before the judgement is pronounced.

Option (1) is incorrect: Offence can be compounded. Option (2) is incorrect: Offence can always be compounded by the party to suit or their legal representatives. Option (3) is incorrect: Cannot compound without the consent of court. Option (4) is correct: Under Section 320(4)(2) of the CrPC, when the person who would otherwise be competent to compound an offence under Section 320 is dead, the legal representative of such person may, with the consent of the court, compound such offence.

Option (1) is incorrect: The Court of Session cannot take direct cognizance without commitment. Option (2) is correct: Under Section 193 of the CrPC, except as otherwise expressly provided by this Code or by any other law for the time being in force, no Court of Session shall take cognizance of any offence as a court of original jurisdiction unless the case has been committed to it by a magistrate under this Code. Option (3) is incorrect: The CrPC doesn’t provide any such provision while taking cognizance by the Court of Session. Option (4) is incorrect: The Court of Session cannot take direct cognizance even if challan put up by the SP.

Option (1) is correct: Under Section 87 of the CrPC, the court may issue a summons for the appearance of any person, issue, after recording its reasons in writing a warrant for his arrest.