Biology of Insects and Pollination

In social insects, alarm pheromones do not involve territory marking. Territory marking by pheromones is observed in mammals.

Waggle dance is a term used in beekeeping and ethology for a particular figure-eight dance of the honey bee. By performing this dance, successful foragers can share, with other members of the colony, information about the direction and distance to patches of flowers yielding nectar and pollen, to water sources, or to new housing locations. A waggle dance with a very short waggle run used to be characterized as a distinct (round) recruitment dance. A waggle dance consists of one to 100 or more circuits, each of which consists of two phases: the waggle phase and the return phase. A worker bee's waggle dance involves running through a small figure-eight pattern: a waggle run (aka waggle phase) followed by a turn to the right to circle back to the starting point (aka return phase), another waggle run, followed by a turn and circle to the left, and so on in a regular alternation between right and left turns after waggle runs.

Karl Von Frisch’s work centered on investigations of the sensory perceptions of the honey bee and he was one of the first to translate the meaning of the waggle dance. He demonstrated bee dance in 1967. His theory was disputed by other scientists and greeted with skepticism at the time. Only recently was it definitively proved to be an accurate theoretical analysis.

This is the correct option. Apis mellifera and Apis adamsoni are the exotic varieties of honeybees.

Consumption of termites or ants is myrmecophagy, e.g. scaly ant eater.

It describes behaviour similar to copulation that serves as a reproductive function for one or both participants, but does not involve actual sexual union between the participants.

Correct. The word culture is the collective noun for bacteria.

Correct. The common factor is the common noun – bees. Four of the five given collective nouns viz. swarm, drift, erst and hive - are used with the word bees. The odd one out is the word - flight. The collective noun ‘flight’ is used with – birds, cormorants, pigeons, swallows, doves, dragons, stairs and steps.

It is the right answer because the pollination by slugs and snail is malacophily.

Butterflies belong to the order Lepidoptera.

The four life stages of mosquito: embryo, larva, pupa and imago.

The spiracles of insects are surrounded by hairs to minimise the water loss. They minimise the bulk air movement around the opening. Thus, they minimise the water loss.

Hypopharynx is not a true segmented mouth appendage. It is a tongue-like appendage, which can be distinguished as proximal, membranous and distal, more sclerotised area.

Postmentum and prementum are the parts of labium. Postmentum is firmly attached to the posterior part of the head and prementum is freely movable.

Maxillary and labial palps have sensory organs that help them to choose suitable food.