Indian Philosophy and Aesthetics

Arya Samaj, founded by Swami Dayanand, explicitly rejects idol worship as a reformist Hindu movement. They promote the Vedic principle of formless God (nirishwar Brahma) and conduct havans and Vedic rituals without idols. The 'true' option would be incorrect.

The Adi Granth (also known as Guru Granth Sahib) is the central religious scripture of Sikhism, containing hymns and teachings of the Sikh Gurus. It's the holiest text in Sikh religion. English, Hindu, and Jain scriptures have different names and texts.

The Adi Granth is the early compilation of the Sikh scriptures, which later became the Guru Granth Sahib. It is the sacred scripture of Sikhism, containing hymns and teachings of Sikh Gurus and other saints. It is central to Sikh worship and theology.

Buddha literally means 'the awakened one' or 'the enlightened one' in Sanskrit. Siddhartha Gautama attained enlightenment and became known as the Buddha. Other options are historical figures but not associated with this specific meaning.

Rathayatra means 'festival of the chariots' and refers to the annual Jagannath Puri festival where deities are pulled on chariots. The name comes from Sanskrit 'ratha' (chariot) and 'yatra' (journey/festival). It's celebrated across ISKCON centers worldwide.

Parimelazhagar (12th century) is credited with writing the earliest and most authoritative commentary (urai) on Thirukkural. His work is considered the standard reference for understanding the nuanced meaning of the couplets. While other scholars like Parimelazhagar's predecessors provided interpretations, his systematic commentary remains foundational to Thirukkural studies.

The Bhagavad Gita is contained in the Bhishma Parva (Book 6) of the Mahabharata. It forms chapters 23-40 of this Parva and occurs just before the great war begins, when Arjuna faces his moral dilemma on the battlefield. The dialogue between Krishna and Arjuna spans 18 chapters (700 verses).

Each of the 18 chapters of the Bhagavad Gita is designated as a specific type of yoga, representing different spiritual paths to realize the divine. Examples include Karma Yoga (yoga of selfless action), Bhakti Yoga (yoga of devotion), and Jnana Yoga (yoga of knowledge). The term yoga here means 'path' or 'discipline' rather than physical postures.

The Bhagavad Gita was delivered by Krishna to Arjuna on the battlefield of Kurukshetra to resolve his moral dilemma about fighting his relatives. However, its 700 verses of philosophical teachings are considered universally applicable to all of humanity, not limited to enlightening only Arjuna.

The Garuda Purana is the Hindu Purana that deals with sin, punishment, and afterlife judgment. It describes the concept of karma and consequences of one's actions, making it the scriptural source for determining punishment based on sins.

The Bhagavad Gita is indeed known as Gitopanishad. The Upanishads are philosophical texts that form the concluding part of the Vedas, and the Gita is sometimes called Gitopanishad because it captures the essence of Upanishadic teachings. It represents the philosophical dialogue between Krishna and Arjuna.

The Bhagavad Gita is considered a system of yoga because it presents various paths of yoga - Karma Yoga (yoga of action), Bhakti Yoga (yoga of devotion), Jnana Yoga (yoga of knowledge), and Raja Yoga (yoga of meditation). Krishna systematically explains these different approaches to spiritual realization, making the Gita a comprehensive guide to yogic philosophy and practice.

In Bhagavad Gita philosophy, Krishna as the Supersoul (Paramatma) resides in the heart of all living entities, making Him conscious of their psychic movements. This is explained in verses like 15.15 and 18.61 where Krishna states He is in the heart of all living beings, guiding their consciousness.