Indian Heritage and Monuments

Chanhudaro in Sind province was the specialized bead-making center of the Indus Valley Civilization, with evidence of bead manufacturing workshops, furnace sites, and finished beads. Lothal was known for dockyard and trade, Dholavira for water management, and Kalinbangan for fire altars.

Surkotada in Kutch district of Gujarat yielded remains of horse bones in archaeological excavations, providing evidence of horse presence in the mature Harappan phase. This was significant because horse remains were previously not definitively identified in other major Harappan sites.

The Kamakhya temple, a famous Shakti Peeth, is located in Guwahati, Assam. It is not in Madurai (Tamil Nadu), Trichur (Kerala), or Halebid (Karnataka).

The Panch Mahal (Five-story Palace) was built by Emperor Akbar in Fatehpur Sikri as a pleasure palace. It is a five-story structure with each floor progressively smaller, resembling a pyramidal shape. The other Mahals mentioned (Moti, Rang, Hira) are associated with later Mughal buildings like the Red Fort.

Jawaharlal Nehru wrote 'Discovery of India' during his imprisonment at Ahmadnagar Fort Jail from 1942-1945. The book was written in response to questions from his fellow prisoners about India's history and culture. It provides a comprehensive view of Indian history, philosophy, and culture.

Mughal emperor Humayun built the city of Dinpanah (meaning 'refuge of the faithful') at the site of present-day Purana Qila in Delhi in the 1530s after his return from exile. This was his attempt to establish a new capital. Other options - Ajmer (already existed), Chausa (site of Humayun's defeat), Daulatabad (built by Muhammad bin Tughlaq) - are incorrect.

A replica of the Taj Mahal was built in Bangladesh at Sonargaon near Dhaka. This full-scale copy was commissioned by a Bangladeshi filmmaker as a tourist attraction and was completed in the early 2000s.

Dampier Park (also known as Dampier Nagar) in Mathura is an important archaeological site famous for its Gupta and Kushan period remains. The site has yielded numerous sculptures, artifacts, and architectural fragments from these ancient periods. Pandya (A) is from Tamil Nadu, Chola (C) is also from Tamil Nadu, and Mauryan (D) remains are found elsewhere.

Udaygiri caves in Odisha (formerly Orissa) are famous for their ancient Jain and Buddhist rock-cut architecture, dating to the Gupta period.

Kanishka (c. 78-144 CE), the great Kushana ruler, established his capital at Purushapura (modern-day Peshawar). Mathura, however, served as his second capital and was a major center of art, culture, and administration. Excavations at Mathura reveal extensive Kushana presence, including inscriptions, sculptures, and architectural remains, confirming its near-capital status.

The Gandhara school of art (1st-5th century CE) indeed represented Greek themes and influences rendered in an Indian style, resulting from the synthesis of Hellenistic Greek and Indian artistic traditions following Alexander's invasion. Amaravati flourished in South India, Kubera represents wealth not sun worship, and Tirthankara images from Mathura are typically slender.

 Option (4) is correct.