Grammar

'Madras' is a noun (specifically a proper noun) because it names a specific place. Nouns are people, places, or things. Proper nouns always begin with a capital letter and name specific entities.

'Smoking' is a noun (gerund) because it functions as the subject of the sentence. Although 'smoke' is typically a verb, adding '-ing' turns it into a noun form called a gerund. Gerunds act like nouns in sentences.

'And' is a conjunction because it connects two ideas ('went to Madras' and 'met my friend'). Conjunctions join words, phrases, or clauses together. Common conjunctions include and, but, or, so, and because.

'To' is a preposition because it shows the relationship between 'injurious' and 'health'. Prepositions indicate relationships like direction, location, or connection between words. Here it connects the adjective to the noun it affects.

Health is a noun because it names a thing/state. Here it functions as the object of the preposition to, indicating what receives the injury.

He is a personal pronoun serving as the sentence subject. Pronouns replace specific nouns, avoiding repetition.

 "but" is a conjunction, which is used to link two distinct phrases or clauses. 

Intelligent is an adjective describing he. Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns by answering what kind.

Clever describes she, making it an adjective. Adjectives characterize people/things by stating qualities or traits.

Words such as 'this' and 'that' are pronouns. They distinguish specific things.

Explanation for (1): The sentence bears prepositional error. When comparison is drawn, 'between' is used for two and 'among' is used for more than two. Here, distinction should be 'between quantity and accent'.

The correct answer is 'adjective' because 'more' modifies the pronoun 'us', telling about the quantity of people. Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns. Here, 'more' functions as an indefinite adjective indicating quantity.

The correct answer is 'adjective' because 'no' modifies the noun 'money', describing that there was zero money. When 'no' modifies a noun, it functions as an adjective (indicating absence of something).

The correct answer is 'adjective' because 'no' modifies the noun 'beauty', describing that Miss. Green lacks beauty. Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns, and here 'no' describes the quality (or lack of it).

The correct answer is 'preposition' because the word 'next' is part of the prepositional phrase 'next to' that shows the spatial relationship between 'she' and 'me'. The phrase indicates position relative to something else.