Geology and Earth Structure

This is the correct option. The core is the central region of the Earth extending from fourteen hundred to eighteen hundred miles from the Earth's center. The mantle is the central region of the Earth consisting of hot, dense, semisolid rocks and is about 2,900 kilometers thick. The crust is the outermost solid shell of the Earth containing all life.

In fault geology, 'throw' is the vertical displacement component, while 'heave' is the horizontal displacement component. 'Strike' refers to the orientation/direction of the fault line. 'Tear' is not a standard geological term. For normal faults, heave specifically measures horizontal movement.

The three major relief features (landforms) of the Earth's surface are mountains, plateaus, and plains. Mountains are elevated landforms with steep slopes, plateaus are flat-topped elevated areas, and plains are low-lying flat areas. Together they constitute the basic building blocks of Earth's topography.

This is incorrect as all are correct statements. This is the correct answer choice as none of the given statements are incorrect. They are all true statements.

The floors of the oceans are rugged with the world’s largest mountain ranges, deepest trenches and the largest plains. These features are formed like those of the continents, by the factors of tectonic, volcanic and depositional processes. Both these statements are correct.

A mid-oceanic ridge is composed of two chains of mountains separated by a large depression. Iceland is a part of a mid oceanic ridge. Both these statements are correct.

This is the correct answer. He propounded it in 1960, which further validated the hypothesis of continental drift.

It results in the shortening of the faulted area. It is also known as thrust fault.

These are also known as surface waves and long period waves. Their speed is lower than primary and secondary waves, but these are the most violent and destructive.

The Richter scale, developed by Charles Richter in 1935, measures the magnitude (intensity) of earthquakes based on seismic wave amplitude recorded by seismographs. It's logarithmic - each whole number increase represents 10 times greater amplitude and about 31.6 times more energy release.

The Earth's innermost layer is the Core (also called Barysphere in older literature). It consists of a solid inner core and liquid outer core, primarily composed of iron and nickel. The Lithosphere is the rigid outer layer, while Asthenosphere is the ductile layer beneath it.

Carbon is the 17th most abundant element in Earth's crust, comprising approximately 0.02% by mass. This makes it relatively rare compared to major elements like oxygen, silicon, aluminum, and iron, but more abundant than many trace elements.

Ocean features are formed through tectonic, volcanic and depositional processes.

This is the correct answer. 

This is the correct answer.