Disease Vectors and Pathogens

Merozoites exit the liver cells and re-enter the bloodstream and begin a cycle of invasion of red blood cells, known as asexual replication. In red blood cells, they develop into mature schizonts, which rupture, releasing newly formed merozoites. These merozoites then reinvade other red blood cells. It causes fever in malaria.

Mosquitoes have mouthparts which are used for piercing and sucking. The paired mandibles and maxillae are formed into needle-like structures (stylets), which are enclosed by the labium.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar, black fever and Dumdum fever, is the most severe form of leishmaniasis. Leishmaniasis is a disease that is caused by protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus.

It is the mature gametocyte of Plasmodium that is solely responsible for parasite transmission from the mammalian host to the mosquito.

Freshwater snails of Oncomelania genus are an important intermediate host for S. japonicum. Final hosts are humans and other mammals including cats, dogs, goats, horses and pigs.

Oocysts are stages of malaria parasites developing in the walls of a mosquito midgut (stomach). The midgut is in the lower half and the oocysts appear as multiple spheres that are embedded in the midgut's wall. Such oocysts were seen, for the first time, by Sir Ronald Ross on 20th August, 1897.

It is a motile spore-like stage in the life cycle of some parasitic sporozoans (e.g. the malaria organism), which is typically the infective agent introduced into a host.

African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, is a parasitic disease of humans and other animals. It is caused by protozoa of the species Trypanosoma brucei.

 Typhoid is not transmitted by a mosquito.

It is the causal agent of amoebiasis and is more commonly found in males than females.

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All species of schistosomes employ freshwater snails as intermediate hosts. Intermediate host is a host that harbors the parasite only for a short transition period, during which (usually) some developmental stage is completed.

ORS is given for diarrhoea. ORS is made by mixing some sugar and a pinch of salt in boiled, cooled water.

German measles can be carried from mother to foetus via placenta.

It was the first parasitic protozoan to be discovered by Leeuwenhook in 1681.