Disease Vectors and Pathogens

Haemogregarina is a genus of hemoprotozoans, parasitic mainly in cold-blooded vertebrates. They are unicellular organisms which are parasitic in the red blood cells.

Cyclosporiasis is an infection with the protozoan Cyclospora cayetanensis, a pathogen transmitted by feces or feces-contaminated fresh produce and water. It is not spread from person to person. It can be a cause of diarrhea for travelers.

Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by protozoan parasites that belong to the genus Leishmania and is transmitted by the bite of certain species of sand fly. Most forms of the disease are transmissible only from animals (zoonosis), but some can be spread between humans.

Plasmodium ovale is a species of parasitic protozoa that causes tertian malaria in humans. It is closely related to Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, which are responsible for most malaria. It is rare compared to these two parasites, and substantially less dangerous than P. falciparum.

Haemoproteus is a genus of protozoa that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. The protozoa are intracellular parasites that infect the erythrocytes. They are transmitted by blood sucking insects including mosquitoes.

This disease, caused by the protozoa trypanosoma brucei, is transmitted by the tsetse fly. Symptoms begin with fever, headache and joint pain. If not treated early, it can involve multiple organs, including the heart and the kidney. Finally, the organism crosses the blood brain barrier, causing the typical symptoms of confusion, day time somnambulism and night time insomnia.

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Amoebiasis is a protozoan disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica.

Malignant malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum.

Tapeworms are parasitic flatworms that infect the human intestine, where they attach to the intestinal wall and absorb nutrients. Earthworms are beneficial soil organisms, and Anopheles is a mosquito genus (not a worm) that can transmit malaria. The question asks specifically about worms that infect human intestines.

Parasites like Trichinella frequently increase the IgE levels, usually polyclonally. This tends to inhibit the protective effect of IgE by diluting out the specific IgE on the mast cell. Inflammation induced by mast cell degranulation leads to influx of IgG which causes damage to the parasite.

Yes, it is the odd one out, as skin diseases are caused by fungus. Rest all the diseases are caused by protozoa.

Yes, it is the correct answer.

The vector of malaria is female anopheles mosquito.