Computer Memory and Storage

An internal command is a command embedded into the command.com file.

Setting aside a portion of main memory for some purpose. All system and application programs reserve memory either at startup or during the course of operation. Memory is reserved for inputting data, additional software instructions or for the creation of control structures such as a stack. See dynamic memory allocation, memory allocation, buffer and stack.

In computer architecture, a bus (from the Latin omnibus, meaning 'for all') is a communication system that transfers data between components inside a computer, or between computers. This expression covers all related hardware components (wire, optical fiber, etc.) and software, including communication protocol.

An immediate operand has a constant value or an expression. When an instruction with two operands uses immediate addressing, the first operand may be a register or memory location, and the second operand is an immediate constant. The first operand defines the length of the data.

This is the data structure that stores information about the active subroutines of a computer program. This kind of stack is also known as an execution stack, control stack, run-time stack, or machine stack, and is often shortened to just the stack.

A call stack or the machine stack is composed of stack frames (also called activation records or activation frames). An activation record is a data structure containing subroutine state information located on the machine stack. These are machine dependent and ABI-dependent data structures containing subroutine state information. Each stack frame corresponds to a call to a subroutine which has not yet terminated with a return.

Microcode is a layer of hardware-level instructions or data structures involved in the implementation of higher level machine code instructions in central processing units, and in the implementation of the internal logic of many channel controllers, disk controllers, network interface controllers, network processors, graphics processing units, and other hardware. It resides in special high-speed memory and translates machine instructions into sequences of detailed circuit-level operations. It helps separate the machine instructions from the underlying electronics so that instructions can be designed and altered more freely.

The effective address for an absolute instruction address is the address parameter itself with no modifications.

This information is available in some written form, microfilms, magnetic tapes, floppy disks etc..

Yes, root directory is called as main folder on a storage device.

Instruction set architecture determines the minimum number of page frames that must be allocated to a running process.

It indicates the address of the next instruction to be executed for this process.

It is the process of assigning load addresses to the various parts o the program, adjusting the code and data in the program to reflect the assigned addresses.

Here, a program can allocate or deallocate memory at arbitrary points during its execution.

This register makes data operations much more size efficient, with a single byte STOS instruction to write data out of the accumulator.