Computer Memory and Storage

An opcode (operation code) is the portion of a machine language instruction that specifies the operation to be performed.

Swap space is used when the amount of physical memory (RAM) is full. If the system needs more memory resources and the RAM is full, inactive pages in memory are moved to the swap space. While swap space can help machines with a small amount of RAM, it should not be considered a replacement for more RAM. Swap space is located on hard drives, which have a slower access time than physical memory.

Memory segmentation is the division of a computer's primary memory into segments or sections. In a computer system using segmentation, a reference to a memory location includes a value that identifies a segment and an offset within that segment.

A special case of indirect register mode. The register whose number is included in the instruction code, contains the address of the operand. Decrement Mode = before operand addressing, the contents of the register is decrement.

The auto increment attribute can be used to generate a unique identity for new rows.

An internal command is a command embedded into the command.com file.

Setting aside a portion of main memory for some purpose. All system and application programs reserve memory either at startup or during the course of operation. Memory is reserved for inputting data, additional software instructions or for the creation of control structures such as a stack. See dynamic memory allocation, memory allocation, buffer and stack.

In computer architecture, a bus (from the Latin omnibus, meaning 'for all') is a communication system that transfers data between components inside a computer, or between computers. This expression covers all related hardware components (wire, optical fiber, etc.) and software, including communication protocol.

An immediate operand has a constant value or an expression. When an instruction with two operands uses immediate addressing, the first operand may be a register or memory location, and the second operand is an immediate constant. The first operand defines the length of the data.

This is the data structure that stores information about the active subroutines of a computer program. This kind of stack is also known as an execution stack, control stack, run-time stack, or machine stack, and is often shortened to just the stack.

A call stack or the machine stack is composed of stack frames (also called activation records or activation frames). An activation record is a data structure containing subroutine state information located on the machine stack. These are machine dependent and ABI-dependent data structures containing subroutine state information. Each stack frame corresponds to a call to a subroutine which has not yet terminated with a return.

Microcode is a layer of hardware-level instructions or data structures involved in the implementation of higher level machine code instructions in central processing units, and in the implementation of the internal logic of many channel controllers, disk controllers, network interface controllers, network processors, graphics processing units, and other hardware. It resides in special high-speed memory and translates machine instructions into sequences of detailed circuit-level operations. It helps separate the machine instructions from the underlying electronics so that instructions can be designed and altered more freely.

The effective address for an absolute instruction address is the address parameter itself with no modifications.

The data type “long double” needs 10 bytes to store an element, and array elements are stored in sequential memory address. If 5^th element address is 2008, then 1^st element will be at address 2008-10-10-10-10 Or 2008 - 40 = 1968. Hence, option (1) is correct.

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