Computer Fundamentals and System Concepts

A computer virus is fundamentally a type of malicious software program. It must contain executable code that can self-replicate by infecting other programs or files. It is not merely a bug (error), infected hardware, or infected media.

The three fundamental categories of operations a computer performs are: arithmetic operations (calculations), comparison operations (logical decisions), and storage/retrieval operations (managing data). Printing is a specific output operation, not a basic category.

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is always contained within the system unit (the main computer case) along with the motherboard. Peripherals like printers, monitors, and keyboards are external devices that connect to the system unit.

Hardware refers to the physical, tangible components of a computer system that you can touch - such as the CPU, memory, motherboard, keyboard, and monitor. This is distinct from software, which consists of programs and instructions.

Data consists of raw, unorganized facts, figures, or symbols that have not been processed or given context. Information is what results when data is processed, organized, or structured to provide meaning and usefulness.

The Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) is the component of the CPU that performs all mathematical calculations (arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction) and logical comparisons (logic operations like AND, OR, comparisons).

The control unit is the component that directs all computer operations. It coordinates the activities of the arithmetic/logic unit, memory, and input/output devices by issuing control signals. The ALU performs calculations (like option D), primary memory stores data, and secondary storage provides permanent storage, but only the control unit manages the entire system.

Logical operations involve comparisons and decision-making based on conditions. Determining if one number is less than another (10 < 8) is a comparison operation, which is logical. Options A and B are data transfer operations, while D (adding 6 and 15) is an arithmetic operation, not logical.

An operating system (OS) is the fundamental software that manages computer hardware and software resources. It provides services for computer programs and acts as an intermediary between users and hardware. Floppy disk is storage, monitoring is a process, and menu is an interface element - none are system software.

The fundamental computing process involves three stages: input (receiving data), process (manipulating data using CPU), and output (producing results). Storage is important but is not part of the primary process flow. Option A captures all three essential stages.

Kernel is the system program that contains the machine independent part of the operating system.

This assembler is an open set of technical specifications that any person or company can license and use to develop microprocessors and other semiconductor devices based on published industry standard.

This component of computer system defines the ways in which the system resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users.