Computer Fundamentals and System Concepts

An android is specifically defined as a robot designed to look and act like a human being. The word comes from the Greek 'androeides' meaning 'man-like,' distinguishing androids from other types of robots that may have different forms or functions. While robots in general can have any appearance or function, androids are characterized by their human-like appearance and behavior.

Not all viruses steal data - viruses are simply self-replicating programs that can have various purposes. Some viruses do steal data (spyware), but many simply spread, delete files, display messages, or cause other harm without theft. The term 'virus' refers to replication mechanism, not data theft capability.

Code Red was a major computer worm that emerged in 2001, causing widespread damage by exploiting vulnerabilities in Microsoft IIS servers. It was ranked among the most destructive viruses, second only to the ILOVEYOU (Love Bug) virus from 2000 in terms of economic impact and notoriety.

Blackcomb was the codename for a version of Windows that was planned after Vista. The project was eventually canceled and its features were rolled into Windows 7 (codenamed Vienna/Blackcomb). Blackcomb never shipped as a standalone Windows version.

A cell phone is fundamentally a sophisticated radio that transmits and receives voice signals through radio waves. Unlike traditional radios which primarily receive broadcast signals, cell phones use two-way radio communication to both transmit and receive calls. Voice processing and data recording are functions of cell phones but not their fundamental technology.

Intel announced a working 22nm SRAM chip in 2009, demonstrating breakthrough in transistor technology. This was a significant milestone in semiconductor manufacturing, moving beyond the 45nm and 32nm processes.

Computer Associates (CA Technologies, now part of Broadcom) used 'The software that powers the E Business' as a corporate tagline in the late 1990s/early 2000s during the e-business boom. Quick Heal, Symantec, and Norton are security software companies but this tagline belongs to CA.

Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline, an early mechanical calculator in the 17th century. The other options - modern computers, cinema, and 'none of these' - are incorrect associations.

GHz and MHz measure clock frequency - the number of clock cycles per second that a processor executes. This is NOT instructions per second (A), data transfer rate (C), or throughput (D). Clock speed determines how many operations a CPU can attempt per cycle.

Mini-computers historically were designed for specific tasks in organizations, unlike general-purpose mainframes. While option A is false (plotters are available for microcomputers), option B is false (microcomputers are programmed like conventional computers), and option D is false (ROM contents are not easily changed - that's why it's called Read Only Memory), option C captures a historical characteristic of mini-computers.

Alan Shugart led the IBM team that invented the floppy disk in 1967. The original 8-inch floppy disk was developed to load microcode into IBM's System/370 mainframes more efficiently than punch cards, revolutionizing data storage, software distribution, and personal computing in subsequent decades.

A barcode is a method of representing data in a visual, machine-readable format, but it is not inherently a computer-related term in the same way as bit maps (computer graphics) or viruses (malicious software). Barcodes can be used without computers and predate widespread computer use.