Computer Fundamentals and System Concepts

It is an environment in which the programs are executed.

Penryn is sometimes used to refer all 45 chips with core architecture.

AutoDock is a widely-used automated docking software that predicts how small molecules bind to protein receptors through computational algorithms.

Hex is a software tool specifically designed for molecular docking, which predicts how small molecules (ligands) bind to protein receptors. Docking is crucial in drug discovery and molecular recognition studies. Unlike alignment or viewing tools, Hex focuses on the computational simulation of molecular interactions and binding affinity prediction.

 Second generation computer were made with transistor technology during 1956 to 1963.

It is the capacity of a device to hold and retain data.

Arithmetic and Logic unit is the main part of CPU.

Smart card has a microprocessor chip embedded in it.

(1) Programs that multiply like viruses, but spread from computer to computer are called worms.

The kernel is a basic set of primary functionalities used to develop an operating system.

Counter registers, interrupts and terminals are all defined in terms of hardware interfaces in the system. These are the hardware components of the system, whereas software and data are not hardware components.

Operating system is the GUI (Graphical User Interface) using, which users interact with the hardware.  Also the OS hosts different user programs to perform certain operations with the hardware or to interact with the memory.

Software manipulates one programming interface to adapt with another programming interface. It works as an interlocutor for communication among different programs.

Operating systems act as interface between users and hardware, control devices, and manage memory. However, input is supplied by users through input devices - the OS processes it but doesn't supply it.

Bootstrap loader is executed first whenever an OS is turned on or restarted.