Climate, Weather, and Geography

Jet streams are narrow bands of strong winds in the upper atmosphere, making them a wind phenomenon. They are not primarily associated with temperature, humidity, or cloud base - though they form due to temperature gradients, the phenomenon itself is characterized by high wind speeds.

The described climate characteristics - warm summers (20°C), very cold winters (-15°C), low annual rainfall (15cm) concentrated in spring/early summer, and coniferous vegetation - match the Siberian type environment. This is a continental climate with extreme seasonal temperature variations and limited precipitation, typical of taiga regions.

The polar night jet stream occurs in winter above the tropopause in the stratosphere. It forms due to the extremely steep temperature gradient between the cold polar region (in polar darkness) and warmer mid-latitudes. This is distinct from the tropospheric jet streams and is specifically associated with winter stratospheric circulation.

Wind velocity varies spatially due to pressure differences in the atmosphere. The barometric gradient (rate of pressure change over distance) directly controls wind speed - steeper pressure gradients produce stronger winds as air flows from high to low pressure areas. This is why isobars on weather maps are closely spaced where winds are strong.

Fohn and Chinook are both warm, dry downslope winds that occur on the leeward sides of mountain ranges. Fohn winds are experienced in the valleys of the northern Alps in Switzerland, while Chinook winds occur on the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains in North America. Both are caused by air descending and warming after crossing mountain barriers.

The collision-coalescence process is applicable to clouds which extend beyond the freezing level (warm clouds). In this process, larger water droplets fall faster and collide with smaller droplets, merging to form even larger drops that eventually fall as rain. This process operates primarily in the warm portion of clouds above the freezing level, unlike the ice crystal process that dominates in colder clouds.

(Tornadoes almost never occur). Correct word order

The Northern Hemisphere is called the 'land hemisphere' because it contains approximately 68% of Earth's total land area, while the Southern Hemisphere is predominantly water (about 80% of the Southern Hemisphere is ocean). This uneven distribution is due to continental drift patterns over geological time.

Nimbus is the scientific term for rain clouds or clouds that produce precipitation. In meteorology, nimbus clouds (such as nimbostratus or cumulonimbus) are characterized by their dark appearance and ability to produce rain or snow. The other options (Rift water, Fog mid, Abattoir) are not meteorological terms related to rain clouds.

It is correct this is also known as terminus, it is where glacier first starts melting.

Desert sand has low specific heat capacity and cannot retain heat effectively, so it radiates heat back to the atmosphere very quickly after sunset. Plains have vegetation and soil that hold heat longer, keeping nights warmer. Clear desert skies allow rapid heat escape without cloud cover.

During winter in India, winds blow from land to water (specifically from the cold landmass of northern India toward the warmer Indian Ocean). This creates the dry northeast monsoon conditions when high pressure over the continent pushes air outward toward the relatively warmer oceanic regions.