Human Circulatory System

Veins have one-way valves that prevent blood from flowing backward. This ensures blood returns efficiently to the heart against gravity.

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to various body parts. The aorta is the largest artery, distributing blood from the left ventricle throughout the body. Veins return blood to the heart, while arteries form the high-pressure distribution network.

An angiograph (or angiogram) is an imaging technique specifically used to visualize blood vessels in the heart. It helps diagnose coronary artery disease and blockages. Brain imaging uses cerebral angiography, kidney uses renal angiography, and abdomen uses abdominal angiography.

It provides nourishment to the tissues of the heart through the capillaries that are located in the heart.

The right atrium is one of four chambers in the hearts of mammals. It receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus, and pumps it into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve.

The Pulmonary circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which transports oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart.

The endothelium is the thin layer of cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. These cells are called endothelial cells.

These are located at the base of both the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary artery) and the aorta, the two arteries taking blood out of the ventricles. These valves permit blood to be forced into the arteries, but prevent backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles. These valves do not have chordae tendineae.

Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC), is a rare cyanotic congenital heart defect (CHD) in which all four pulmonary veins are malpositioned and make anomalous connections to the systemic venous circulation.

Scimitar syndrome, or pulmonary venolobar syndrome, is a rare congenital heart defect characterized by anomalous venous return from the right lung. This anomalous pulmonary venous return can be either partial (PAPVR) or total (TAPVR).

Transposition of the great vessels (TGV) is a group of congenital heart defects (CHDs) involving an abnormal spatial arrangement of any of the primary blood vessels: superior and/or inferior vena cavae (SVC, IVC), pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, and aorta.

Persistent truncus arteriosus is a rare form of congenital heart disease that presents at birth. In this condition, the embryological structure known as the truncus arteriosus never properly divides into the pulmonary artery and aorta.

Capillaries are the smallest of a body's blood vessels and are parts of the microcirculation. They are only 1 cell thick. These microvessels, measuring 5-10 μm in diameter, connect arterioles and venules, and enable the exchange of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and many other nutrient and waste chemical substances between blood and surrounding tissues.

The common carotid artery is an artery that supplies the  oxygenated blood to head and neck .It divides in the neck to form the external and internal carotid arteries.