Chemistry of Gases and Applications

Gobar gas (biogas from cow dung) is primarily methane (CH4), produced by anaerobic decomposition of organic matter. Methane makes up 50-75% of biogas, with the rest being CO2 and small amounts of other gases. Methane is the flammable component that allows biogas to be used as fuel.

Ammonia (NH3) is a widely used refrigerant, especially in industrial and large commercial refrigeration systems due to its excellent thermodynamic properties. While modern household refrigerators commonly use HFCs or hydrocarbon blends like isobutane, ammonia remains an important refrigerant in the industry.

The molecules of a gas have the highest kinetic energy.

Statement 1 is true: Launching heavy satellites weighing over 2 tons into geostationary orbit requires an upper stage powered by a cryogenic engine. Cryogenic engine is indispensable for such launch vehicles as this engine provides the required trust to the vehicle. Statement 2 is also correct: Cryogenic technology involves the use of liquid oxygen (as oxidizer) at minus 183 degrees Celsius and liquid hydrogen (as fuel) at minus 253 degrees Celsius.

The free oxygen produced by the blue-green algae converted the atmosphere from reducing into oxidising.

Phosphorus, present in an organic compound, is estimated by Carius method as magnesium pyrophosphate.

CNG stands for Compressed Natural Gas, which is primarily methane stored at high pressure for use as fuel. It's widely used in vehicles as a cleaner alternative to petrol or diesel.

Hydrogen Chloride gas is collected by upward displacement of air.

Hydrogen chloride gives white fumes of ammonium chloride with ammonia.

This is a test for hydrogen.

Hydrogen sulphide gas smells like rotten eggs.

Very little atmosphere, no organic material or organic supporting chemical (ie water), no life could occur.

Dry Ice is the common name for solid carbon dioxide (CO₂). It got this name because it does not melt when heated; instead, it changes directly into a gas (This process is known as sublimation). Due to its extremely low temperature of -78°, dry ice is often used as an alternative to refrigeration of foodstuffs and medical supplies. In addition, special dry ice pellets are used for industrial cleaning.

Earth’s relatively thin atmosphere primarily consists of a mixture of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%) gases. The remaining 1% contains several inactive gases (i.e. argon, neon, helium, hydrogen, and xenon) and several other gases that vary in concentration (i.e. water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and chlorofluorocarbons).