Animal Tissue and Anatomy

The renal capsule is the membranous covering of the kidney. It directly covers the renal cortex, which forms the outer stratum

The bowman's capsule and the glomerulus together constitutes the renal corpuscle or malpighian body. Glomerulous is a large double walled cup. It contains a tuft of capillaries called glomerulus and the outer wall is continuous with the rest of the nephron. The space between the two walls of the Bowman's capsule is continuous with the lumen of the next part of the nephron.

Mammals and birds possess a four-chambered heart, which allows for the complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

The respiratory, alimentary and genitourinary tracts are guarded immunologically by subepithelial accumulations of lymphoid tissues which are not constrained by a connective tissue capsule. These may occur as diffuse collections of lymphocytes, plasma cells and phagocytes throughout the body and the lamina propria of the intestinal wall, or as more clearly organized tissue with well-formed follicles as found in the Peyer's patches.

The nostrils are the two external openings of the nasal cavity. They serve as the primary entry point for air into the respiratory system.

The pharynx is the muscular tube that connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx and esophagus. It acts as a common passage for both air and food.

The trachea is kept open by rings of cartilage. These rings provide structural support to ensure the airway remains patent.

The larynx, or voice box, is located at the top of the trachea. It contains the vocal cords and is essential for sound production.

Syrinx is the voice box present in the region of bifurcation of trachea.

Viper possesses haemotoxic poison which causes haemolysis (destruction of blood cells and haemorrhage).

Whorled aggregates of epithelial cells form these highly characteristic structures found in the thymus. They serve as a disposal system for dying thymocytes.

The Islets of Langerhans are regions of the pancreas that contain its endocrine cells, responsible for producing hormones like insulin.

Ovaries are the primary female reproductive organs that produce eggs and hormones.

In amphioxus, a typical heart is absent and a pulsating heart is present.

Loop of Henle is covered by a U-shaped staircase of network of blood capillaries arising from efferent glomerular arteriole.