Ancient and Medieval Indian Rulers

Roman coins have been found in large quantities across Southern India, serving as evidence of the extensive maritime trade between the Roman Empire and the Indian peninsula.

The Silk Road was an ancient network of trade routes that connected the East and West. It was central to cultural interaction between the regions for many centuries.The Silk Road refers to both the terrestrial and the maritime routes connecting Asia with the Middle East and southern Europe.The Silk Road derives its name from the lucrative trade in silk carried out along its length, beginning in the Han dynasty (207 BCE220 CE).Trade on the Road played a significant role in the development of the civilizations of China, Korea, Japan,  the Indian subcontinent, Iran/Persia, Europe, the Horn of Africa and Arabia, opening long-distance political and economic relations between the civilizations.

Alexander's conquest of Iran brought the Greeks to North-western India. Alexander's invasion opened up trade routes and enabled Indian traders to trade on the Silk Route. 

Venkoji (Ekoji I) established the Maratha rule in Thanjavur in 1676 after capturing the region.

Shaji II was the son of Venkoji and succeeded him as the ruler of the Thanjavur Maratha kingdom.

Serfoji I succeeded Shaji II as the ruler of the Thanjavur Maratha kingdom.

Shivaji II was the successor to Serfoji II in the Maratha kingdom of Thanjavur. The other options listed were earlier rulers or unrelated figures.

Tuljaji ascended the throne of Thanjavur in 1763 following the death of his father, Pratap Singh. Serfoji II ruled much later.

Serfoji II is widely credited with the establishment and expansion of the Saraswathy Mahal Library in Thanjavur, reflecting his scholarly interests.

Fateh Hyder was the eldest son of Tipu Sultan. Following the fall of Seringapatam, the British authorities dealt with the family members, and Fateh Hyder was a prominent figure among them.

The Tang dynasty.

 Someshwara - I is one of the important kings of this dynasty. He built a new city called Kalyana and made it his capital. This is today’s Basava Kalyana in Bidar district.

Keertivarman II was steadily undermined by the activities of Rashtrakuta king Dantidurga who was establishing the Rashtrakuta Empire and was therefore defeated by him.

Throughout their reign, the Pallavas were in constant conflict with both Chalukyas of Badami in the north and the Tamil kingdoms of Chola and Pandyas in the south. Finally. the Pallava king Nandivarman was finally defeated by the Chola ruler Vikramaditya II in the 9th century CE.

All the sovereign rulers of the Chalukya dynasty bore the title Sri Prithvivallabha, which means "the husband of the goddess of fortune and the Earth" (i.e: Vishnu).