Ancient and Medieval Indian Rulers

Ramachandradeva (also known as Ramachandra) was the Yadava ruler of Deogiri (Devagiri) when Ala-ud-din Khilji invaded the kingdom in 1294 CE. The Yadava dynasty of Devagiri ruled from 9th to 14th centuries CE, and Ramachandradeva's defeat marked the beginning of Islamic expansion into the Deccan. The other options are from later periods - Feroz and Muhammad Tughlaq were 14th century rulers, and Iltutmish was 13th century.

The Kushans (c. 1st-3rd century CE) were the first to issue gold coins (dinars) on a large scale in India. Under rulers like Kanishka, these coins featured the king and various deities. The Aryans used barter, the Tatars were Central Asian nomads not associated with Indian coinage, and the Mughals issued gold coins much later (the mohur).

Tipu Sultan, the ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, established his capital at Srirangapatnam (also spelled Srirangapattana), where he ruled from 1782 until his death in 1799 during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War.

The Tanka silver coins were introduced during the Slave Dynasty (Delhi Sultanate, 13th century). Iltutmish, a notable ruler of this dynasty, introduced these coins as part of monetary reforms. The term 'Slave' refers to the Mamluk dynasty founded by Qutb-ud-din Aibak.

The Mauryan dynasty was established by Chandragupta Maurya (c. 321-297 BCE) with the guidance of his advisor Chanakya (also known as Kautilya). Chanakya was the strategist who helped overthrow the Nanda dynasty, not the founder himself. Ashoka was a later Mauryan emperor (c. 268-232 BCE).

In the Pandava army during the Kurukshetra war, Virata and Drupada were both counted as Maharathis (great warriors). Virata was the king of Matsya where the Pandavas spent their year in disguise. Drupada was the king of Panchala and Draupadi's father. Both were powerful commanders and senior warriors who fought on the Pandava side.

To solve this question, the user needs to have knowledge about the characters of the Indian epic Mahabharata and their roles.

Option A: Ashvathama is incorrect. Although Ashvathama was a warrior in the Kaurava army, he was not the first Commander in Chief.

Option B: Drona is incorrect. Drona was a skilled warrior and one of the commanders of the Kaurava army, but he was not the first Commander in Chief.

Option C: Bheeshma is correct. Bheeshma was the first Commander in Chief of the Kaurava army. He was a great warrior and a respected figure in both the Kaurava and Pandava armies.

Option D: Karna is incorrect. Karna was a warrior in the Kaurava army, but he was not the first Commander in Chief.

Therefore, The Answer is: C. Bheeshma.

In the Mahabharata, Virata and Drupada were both Maharathis (great warriors) commanding the Pandava army. Virata ruled Matsya kingdom; Drupada ruled Panchala and fathered Draupadi. Option B is correct.

Bhishma (Bheeshma) was the first commander-in-chief of the Kaurava army, appointed by Duryodhana at the start of the Kurukshetra war. He led the Kaurava forces for the first 10 days of battle before falling to Arjuna. Drona succeeded him as commander after his injury, and Karna took command later. Ashvathama became commander only much later, after Drona's death.

Alexander the Great's famous horse was named Bucephalus. The name means 'ox-head' in Greek, and the horse was known for being wild and untamable until young Alexander successfully tamed him. Bucephalus carried Alexander through many military campaigns.

Pataliputra (modern-day Patna) was the capital city of the Gupta Empire, which flourished from approximately 320-550 CE. Rajasthan, Rajgriha, and Haryana were regions or cities but not the imperial capital. Note: option spells it 'Pataliputhiram', which appears to be a typo for Pataliputra.

Lumbini, located in present-day Nepal, is the birthplace of Siddhartha Gautama who became the Buddha. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a major Buddhist pilgrimage site. Pataliputra (Patna) was the Mauryan capital, while Gandhara was a Buddhist art center.

Nara Chandra Babu Naidu served as Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh for 9 years and 9 months in total. His first term was from September 1995 to May 2004 (8 years 8 months), and his second term was from June 2014 to May 2019 (4 years 11 months), totaling approximately 9 years and 9 months of tenure.

Chandragupta II of the Gupta Empire adopted the title 'Vikramaditya' (Sun of Power), which became associated with a legendary ideal king in Indian tradition. His reign (c. 380-415 CE) is considered the golden age of the Gupta Empire, marked by great cultural and literary achievements including Kalidasa's works.

Alauddin Khilji, the Delhi Sultanate ruler (1296-1316), adopted the title "Sikandar-i-Sani" meaning "The Second Alexander" to project his imperial ambitions and compare himself to Alexander the Great's conquests. Samudragupta was called "Indian Napoleon", Chandragupta founded the Mauryan Empire, and Kanishka was a Kushan ruler.