Acids and Bases

It does not explain the existence of hydrogen ion in water.

Concentration of hydrogen ion [H⁺] in 0.1 M HNO₃ = 0.1 M 0.1 M CH₃COOH = Less than 0.1 M because it is a weaker acid. 0.1 M HCL = 0.1 M 0.1 M H₂SO₄ = 0.2 M [because it ionises as H₂SO₄ ⇌ 2H⁺ + SO₄^2-] [H⁺] = 2 × [H₂SO₄] = 2 × 0.1 = 0.2 M Hence, 0.1 M H₂SO₄ is the strongest acid.

All these are weak bases and [OH^–] in each of these compounds is given as follows: 0.01 M NH₄OH = 0.01 M 0.01 M Al(OH)₃ = 0.03 M 0.01 M Ca(OH)₂ = 0.02 M 0.01 M NH₂OH = 0.01 M

Hydrogen carbonate provides the ideal conditions of pH (alkaline) for amylase to work.

Citrus fruits including lemons contain citric acid as their primary acid. Citric acid gives lemons their characteristic sour taste and can constitute up to 8% of the lemon's dry weight. Lactic acid is found in fermented milk products, tartaric acid in grapes, and acetic acid in vinegar.

Citric acid is naturally found in citrus fruits like lemons, oranges, and limes. It gives these fruits their characteristic sour taste and is widely used as a food preservative and flavoring agent. Lactic acid is found in milk, tartaric acid in grapes, and acetic acid in vinegar.

Acid rain contains primarily sulphuric acid (from sulfur dioxide emissions) and nitric acid (from nitrogen oxides), which react with water vapor in the atmosphere. These strong acids lower the pH of rain, damaging ecosystems and infrastructure. Oxalic, acetic, and carbolic acids are not components of natural acid rain.

Ans : 4.

Orthophosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) is a tribasic acid. Peroxyphosphoric acid (H₃PO₅) is a tribasic acid.

The element in question is aluminium as it has the electronic configuration 2, 8, 3. This metal is amphoteric in nature; it reacts with both acids and alkalis. Hence, its oxide and hydroxide are amphoteric in nature.

H-E-H bond angle as well as thermal stability of group 16 hydrides decrease down the group, i.e. H₂O > H₂S > H₂Se > H₂Te.

Ans : 3.

Ans : 2.

Ans : 3.

Ans : 3.