To answer this question, we need to understand the fundamental services identified in a three-tier architecture.
A three-tier architecture is a software design pattern that divides an application into three interconnected layers: the presentation layer, the application layer, and the data layer. Each layer has its own specific responsibilities and services.
The fundamental services identified in a three-tier architecture are:
Presentation layer: This layer is responsible for presenting the user interface to the user and handling user input. It includes services such as user interface rendering, input validation, and user interaction management.
Application layer: This layer contains the business logic of the application. It handles the processing and manipulation of data, as well as the implementation of business rules. It includes services such as data processing, business logic implementation, and workflow management.
Data layer: This layer is responsible for managing the storage and retrieval of data. It includes services such as data storage management, data access, and database connectivity.
Now, let's go through each option to determine which one is not a fundamental service identified in a three-tier architecture:
Option A) Association layer - This option is not a fundamental service identified in a three-tier architecture. The association layer is not a commonly recognized layer in the three-tier architecture. It may refer to a specific implementation detail or a layer specific to a particular application, but it is not a fundamental service in the context of a three-tier architecture.
Option B) Connection layer - This option is not a fundamental service identified in a three-tier architecture. While connectivity to databases or external services is a requirement in a three-tier architecture, it is typically handled by the data layer, which includes services such as database connectivity and data access. The term "connection layer" is not commonly used to describe a distinct layer in a three-tier architecture.
Option C) Logical layer - This option is a fundamental service identified in a three-tier architecture. The logical layer, also known as the application layer, is responsible for implementing the business logic of the application.
Option D) Both a and b - This option is incorrect because option C is a fundamental service identified in a three-tier architecture.
Option E) All of the above - This option is incorrect because option C is a fundamental service identified in a three-tier architecture.
Therefore, the correct answer is E) All of the above. This option is not a fundamental service identified in a three-tier architecture because both option A (Association layer) and option B (Connection layer) are not commonly recognized layers in a three-tier architecture.