Multiple choice

Given the fiscal limitations, the sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Abdülhamid II, took all of the following actions between 1876 and 1909, except

  1. he was active as a propagandist

  2. he emphasized his credentials as the pan-Islamic caliph of Eurasian Muslims

  3. he encouraged ethnic nationalism within the Empire

  4. he worked to install the fear of jihad in European politicians and their publics
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Correct answer is option (3).

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