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Nationalism in Europe - 3

Covers 19th-century nationalist movements, reforms, and conflicts across Russia, the Ottoman Empire, and the Balkans

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Questions

Question 1 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

Prior to the nineteenth century, the Ottomans' traditional enemy was

  1. The Russians
  2. The Austrian Habsburgs
  3. Egypt
  4. The Moroccans
Question 2 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

Following the assassination of Alexander II in 1881

  1. The movement toward liberalization floundered; the new tsars reverted to the autocratic, tight political control.
  2. The succeeding tsars continued the drive for modernization, realizing that it was the only way for Russia to maintain true sovereignty in the industrializing Western European world.
  3. The depression of 1873-1896 destroyed any chance of industrialization for at least 25 years.
  4. Alexander was desperate for ideas and inspiration, welcoming diverse opinions from investors, bankers, and the intelligentsia.
Question 3 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

The Congress of Berlin had the following impact on the Ottomans, except

  1. They lost the provinces of Montenegro, Serbia, Romania, and eventually Bulgaria.
  2. Bosnia-Herzegovina remained Ottoman, but was administered by an Austrian.
  3. Cyprus remained Ottoman, but was placed under British administration.
  4. The Parliament took over governance and the Sultan retained only symbolic power.
Question 4 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

The Russian Empire expanded during the 1800s at the expense of

  1. The French and Egyptian states
  2. The rapidly expanding British Empire
  3. The Qajar and Ottoman Empires
  4. Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan
Question 5 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

In the Crimean War

  1. Russia and Great Britain allied against the Ottoman Empire and France.
  2. The Ottoman Empire, France, and Great Britain allied against Russia.
  3. Great Britain, France, and Russia allied against the Ottoman Empire.
  4. Russia and the Ottoman Empire allied against the Western European powers led by France and Great Britain.
Question 6 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

The Young Turks were

  1. officers officially organised as the Committee of Union and Progress
  2. were initially strongly supported by Abdülhami and his regime
  3. supported by military and government employees, religious students and religious brotherhood leaders organised by Abdülhamid's courtiers
  4. a bulwark of support for Abdülhamid's government
Question 7 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

In 1792, an attempt at reform was initiated, which the Ottomans called the "New Order," which was an attempt to

  1. reorganise the bureaucracy by replacing the existing order with professional, well-educated officials
  2. reform the tax-farming system with one administered directly by the central government
  3. replace existing communication systems with new inventions, such as the telegraph and improved railroad lines
  4. reorganise the Army and provide greater training for officers
Question 8 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

In the early 1700s, the Ottomans instituted the following reforms

  1. went on a "gold standard" to stimulate trust in their paper money
  2. cut the janissary rolls by half
  3. enlisted Anatolian farmers into the military
  4. sold life-time tax farms (life leases) to wealthy courtiers, officers, and administrators
Question 9 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

All of the following are true of the Decembrist Revolt, except

  1. It was led by military officers who were inspired by constitutional nationalism.
  2. It occurred just after the ascension of Alexander II.
  3. The leaders were executed, but it was a harbinger of things to come.
  4. It inspired the tsar to implement a doctrine known as "Official Nationality."
Question 10 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

In his later years, Abdülhamid failed in all of the following attempts, except

  1. Keeping graduates from elite academies from becoming dissatisfied
  2. Eliminating secret junior officer groups in Macedonia and Thrace
  3. Preventing a coup d'état
  4. Reinstating a constitution
Question 11 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

Choose the correct chronological order for the events given below.

  1. The life of Catherine II of Russia; the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire; Emancipation of Russian surfs; Young Turks rise to power.
  2. The Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire; The life of Catherine II of Russia; Emancipation of Russian surfs; Young Turks rise to power.
  3. Emancipation of Russian surfs; The life of Catherine II of Russia; Young Turks rise to power; the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire.
  4. The Young Turks rise to power; Emancipation of Russian surfs; The life of Catherine II of Russia; the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire.
Question 12 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

All of the following is true of the Golden Age of Russian culture, except

  1. It occurred in spite of periods of censorship and repression.
  2. The Russian intelligentsia drew inspiration largely from Greek and Byzantine traditions.
  3. Ideas and debates were spread through new literary journals and other new literary forms.
  4. The inspired Russian intelligentsia arose primarily from the ranks of landed nobility.
Question 13 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

Given the fiscal limitations, the sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Abdülhamid II, took all of the following actions between 1876 and 1909, except

  1. he was active as a propagandist
  2. he emphasized his credentials as the pan-Islamic caliph of Eurasian Muslims
  3. he encouraged ethnic nationalism within the Empire
  4. he worked to install the fear of jihad in European politicians and their publics
Question 14 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

During the period between 1774 and 1808, the Ottoman empire suffered humiliations in all of the following ways, except

  1. They lost the north coast of the Black Sea
  2. They lost Georgia
  3. Napoleon destroyed the Ottoman's subordinate Mamluk regime in Egypt
  4. They were defeated by the British in the Opium War
Question 15 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

Russia emerged as a key power in the late 18th and early 19th century

  1. In efforts to prevent the French from conquering Europe.
  2. To hold the ambitious British Empire at bay.
  3. Because of Peter the Great succeeded in freeing the serfs, making them into a powerful military force.
  4. Because of Catherine the Great's successful innovations and industrialization.
Question 16 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

The purpose of the "Fortunate Edict" of 1856 was

  1. to assure that all women had access to education
  2. to assure a smooth transition in government should the sultan die
  3. to clarify questions of equality among subjects
  4. to make certain that all subjects had adequate access to food and other necessary resources
Question 17 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

All of the following is true of the crisis from 1873 to 1878, except

  1. It was triggered when the government initiated a constitutional congress because ethnic minorities were not adequately represented.
  2. When the government raised taxes, ethnic-nationalist uprisings began in Montenegro, Serbia, and Romania.
  3. The reigning sultan was overthrown and a new sultan ascended the throne.
  4. It began when the Ottoman government defaulted on foreign loans.
Question 18 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

The Balkan states of Serbia, Montenegro, Greece and Bulgaria

  1. Petitioned for readmission to the Ottoman Empire, seeking protection from Russian imperial expansionism
  2. Declared war against Russia
  3. Assisted in the protection of Edirne, a second capital of the Ottomans
  4. Unified behind the Russians supporting the idea of driving the Ottomans from Europe
Question 19 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

All of the following is true of the Great Reforms initiated by Alexander II, except

  1. The Tsar was convinced of the need for reform by Russia's defeat in the Crimean War.
  2. The Tsar believed that that Russia lost the war because of inferior technologically and a lack of infrastructure.
  3. The Tsar made the mistake of waiting until he could gain the support of the economic and intellectual elite before implementing the reforms.
  4. The Tsar believed that the unwillingness of serf-owning aristocracy to shift to market agriculture had a depressing effect on Russia.
Question 20 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

The word Tanzimat refers to

  1. A series of reforms inspired by Western European constitutional nationalism.
  2. A distinctive hat worn by Ottoman bureaucrats.
  3. A new system of banking.
  4. The reorganization of the Janissary military.
Question 21 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

Choose the correct chronological order of the events below.

  1. First Ottoman-Russian war; Ottoman siege of Vienna; Crimean War; Napoleon's occupation of Egypt.
  2. Ottoman siege of Vienna; Napoleon's occupation of Egypt; First Ottoman-Russian war; Crimean War.
  3. Ottoman siege of Vienna; First Ottoman-Russian war; Napoleon's occupation of Egypt; Crimean War.
  4. Napoleon's occupation of Egypt; Crimean War; Ottoman siege of Vienna; First Ottoman-Russian war.
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