The Saptanga Theory (seven limbs of the state) was propounded by Kautilya (also known as Chanakya) in his treatise Arthashastra. The seven elements are: Swamin (king), Amatya (ministers), Janapada (territory), Durga (fort), Kosha (treasury), Danda (army), and Mitra (ally). This theory outlines the essential components of a sovereign state.