The Pandya kings, along with Cheras and Cholas, were the chief patrons of Sangam literature, the earliest Tamil literature composed during the Sangam period (3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE). The Pandya capital Madurai was a major center of Tamil learning and culture where Sangam academies flourished. Sangam literature includes secular works on themes of love, war, governance, and ethics, representing the finest early Tamil poetic tradition.