Schedule IX was inserted in the Constitution of India by:

The Ninth Schedule was inserted by the First Amendment (1951) to protect land reform laws from judicial review. It was added after the Supreme Court struck down land reform laws in cases like Champakam Dorairajan. Articles 31A and 31B were also inserted to protect such laws. The schedule was meant to shield laws affecting property rights from fundamental rights challenges, though the Supreme Court later limited this immunity in the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973).