The educator, who advanced the idea of the five formal steps in learning was ___________.

Herbart advocated five formal steps in teaching: (1) Preparation — a process of relating new material to be learned to relevant past ideas or memories in order to give the pupil a vital interest in the topic under consideration.  (2) Presentation — presenting new material by means of concrete objects or actual experience.  (3) Association — thorough assimilation of the new ideas through comparison with former ideas and consideration of their similarities and differences in order to implant the new ideas in the mind.  (4) Generalisation — a procedure especially important to the instruction of adolescents and designed to develop the mind beyond the level of perception and the concrete.  (5) Application — using acquired knowledge not in a purely utilitarian way but so that every learned idea becomes a part of the functional mind and an aid to a clear, vital interpretation of life. This step is presumed possible only if the student immediately applies the new idea, making it his own.