Child Development and Pedagogy

This is the correct answer as students from diverse cultures and backgrounds are studying together and hence, curriculum change is demanded with time and age.

This is the correct answer as a disadvantaged child does not get as many opportunities as other children, hence a disadvantaged child's intellectual potential should be analyzed and the child should be guided accordingly.

This is not the sign of a gifted child as such children can also get along very well with peers.

Tabula rasa is latin for 'blank slate', implying something newly formed, without preconceptions and is often used in describing certain theories of behaviourism. It is more important to historical research. It is used to deal with the state of the mind and how imagination works at various extremes. The definition of tabula rasa is a blank new born mind not yet affected by experiences, or an opportunity to start afresh. It is a philosophy that was pioneered by John Locke, and compares a new born human mind with a blank clay tablet.

Such practice may hurt, especially weaker students and they may feel ashamed in front of the class.

Froebel was greatly influenced by the work of German romatic philospohers Rousseau and Ficte. Froebel was the first to recognise that significant brain development occurs between birth and the age of 3. His method combines an awareness of human physiology and the recognition that we, at our essence, are creative beings. Once early childhood education became widely adopted, it was the natural starting point for innovations that followed. Froebel's method inspired and informed the work of Maria Montessori, Rudolf Steiner and others who adopted his ideas and adapted his materials according to their own work.

As every child is unique and different, hence even after same mental age their ability to learn may be quite different.

ASD (Autistic Spectrum Disorders) is a disorder of development that affects language, social skills and behaviour. Children with ASD are unable to interpret the world and what is happening around them in the same way that other children do. There is a range of severity and intellectual ability, from the severely impaired child with classical autism, to a child with Asperger syndrome. High-functioning autistic children with Asperger syndrome may have a high level of intelligence but have difficulty with social interaction.

In inclusive education, children regardless of physical, intellectual, social, linguistic, or other differently abled conditions get educated on the same platform. Such schools do not differentiate students and educate all children together.

Parents are the base of such beliefs and attitudes among children as the ethnic and religious beliefs start from home and from parents, hence parent’s attitudes have the most important influence on such attitudes.

Herbart advocated five formal steps in teaching:
(1) Preparation — a process of relating new material to be learned to relevant past ideas or memories in order to give the pupil a vital interest in the topic under consideration. 
(2) Presentation — presenting new material by means of concrete objects or actual experience. 
(3) Association — thorough assimilation of the new ideas through comparison with former ideas and consideration of their similarities and differences in order to implant the new ideas in the mind. 
(4) Generalisation — a procedure especially important to the instruction of adolescents and designed to develop the mind beyond the level of perception and the concrete. 
(5) Application — using acquired knowledge not in a purely utilitarian way but so that every learned idea becomes a part of the functional mind and an aid to a clear, vital interpretation of life. This step is presumed possible only if the student immediately applies the new idea, making it his own.

Arnold Gesell (1880-1961) followed the works of Darwin and other evolutionists, eventually developing the Gesell Maturational Theory. His theory contends that development in childhood and adolescence is primarily biological, or genetic, in origin. Biology and genetic inheritances determine predictable patterns of biological behavior that Gesell termed norms. He felt that children's development patterns opened automatically by biology, as the unfolding of a flower does because it is genetically programmed to do so in the right environment. As the flower requires proper soil and rain, children require a nurturing, stable environment, and little else to mature both biologically and psychologically. In the company of renowned author and physician Benjamin Spock, who wrote Spock's Baby and Child Care, Gesell was among the first professionals to compile developmental stage information with which parents could learn to understand their children. Because childhood and adolescent development is the product of millions of years of evolution, he mainly advocated sensitivity and understanding as parental approaches to development. Biology has already given children what they need to understand their own development. Gesell worked in a lab at Yale University, studying children and their developmental stages. He cataloged children's behavior at various ages and described the norms in their collective development. As such, his theory is often grouped with normative-descriptive approaches, because it uses norms of development to describe the process of maturation. Gesell's theory was groundbreaking because it implied that learning, illness, injury and life experiences were secondary, if at all influential, to biology and the evolution of the genetics that program a child's development. Unless the child's environment were so distorted as to be harmful, he felt that children were born with all the information their bodies needed for development and maturation. Genetics determine the developmental process and the timing of maturation, and parents could affect very little of this, except by being sensitive to cues learned from the descriptive norms.

This is because the teacher might not check appropriately as the teacher might be willing to improve her own result.

Discussing moral issue with students by way of telling them story will guide them the right path and inbuilt moral values in the students.

Peers become an important influence on behaviour during adolescence and peer pressure has been called a hallmark of adolescent experience. Peer conformity in young people is most pronounced with respect to style, taste, appearance, ideology, and values. Peer pressure is commonly associated with episodes of adolescent risk taking (such as delinquency, drug abuse, sexual behavior, and reckless driving) because these activities commonly occur in the company of peers.

Claustrophobia is an anxiety disorder; the sufferer has an irrational fear of having no escape or being closed-in. It frequently results in panic attack and can be triggered by certain stimuli or situations, such as being in a crowded elevator, a room without windows, or sitting in an airplane. Some people may even experience claustrophobia when wearing tight-necked clothing.

The structures being explained should be neither so easy that the child has already internalized them nor so difficult that the child cannot understand them. This optimal level of difficulty lies within what Vygotsky called the child’s zone of proximal development.

The law of effect principle developed by Edward Thorndike suggested that responses closely followed by satisfaction will become firmly attached to the situation and therefore more likely to reoccur when the situation is repeated. Conversely, if the situation is followed by discomfort, the connections to the situation will become weaker and the behavior of response is less likely to occur when the situation is repeated.

Community and social background can neither be a hurdle nor a way to educational achievements, as every child has an equal right for educational achievement.

This is the actual purpose of valuation, so that feedback on the extent to which an educationalist has been successful in imparting education for a productive life.

This is the least justifiable use of the results of a standardized reading test as gaining knowledge is more important than marks. Once a pupil is skilled in standardized reading, he will be able to score better marks in all the subjects as students can now be understand everything that he is reading.

The National Curriculum Framework (NCF) - 2005 has recommended that the board should consider, as a long term measure, making the class 10 examination optional, thus permitting students to continue in the same school, Minister of State for Human Resource Development (HRD) D. Purandeswari told the Lok Sabha.

Teacher should try never to make any sarcastic comments regarding students behavior and especially personal comments as such comments may hurt the child intrinsically.

Identification: According to Freud, as children develop, there comes a time in which the child must adopt the characteristics of one of the parents. During this process of identification, the child adopts the characteristics of the same-sex parent and begins to associate themselves with and copy the behavior of significant others. In addition, Freud stated that this process also involves the development of the child's superego (our moral guide in life - the moral component of personality) which is done by incorporating characteristics of the parents superegos into the child's own. So, a young male child will begin to take on characteristics of the father (act more like his father than his mother in the sense of being a male) and will develop a superego that has similarities to the moral values and guidelines by which the parents live their lives (e.g., if the parents are honest people, the child may come to realize that honesty is important).

In psychology, a projective test is a type of personality test in which the individual offers responses to ambiguous scenes, words or images. This type of test emerged from the psychoanalytic school of thought, which suggested that people have unconscious thoughts or urges. These projective tests were intended to uncover such unconscious desires that are hidden from conscious awareness.

This is the correct answer as by doing this the students will have fair idea about how they have to perform in the test and they can work hard accordingly for the test.

Negative reinforcement is a key concept in B.F. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning. Negative reinforcement involves strengthening a behavior through the removal of an aversive stimulus. People often confuse negative reinforcement with punishment, but the two are not the same. Remember, reinforcement is used to increase the likelihood that a behavior will reoccur, while punishment is used to decrease a behavior.

First graders can be taught school routine by following the same routine everyday.

Benjamin Samuel Bloom was an American educational psychologist who made contributions to the classification of educational objectives and to the theory of mastery-learning.

Abstract thinking can be defined as a train of thought which follows ideas and concepts not related to the problem at hand. A person in abstract thought will think about attributes and relationships between objects, rather than the objects themselves. Abstract thinkers are able to see relationships between two seemingly unrelated activities, such as the concepts of achieving success in sports and academics.