When Vasco da Gama arrived at Calicut in 1498, the Vijayanagara Empire was ruled by Immadi Narasimha, also known in some records as Naresh Nayak. The Vijayanagara Empire was at the height of its power under the Saluva and Tuluva dynasties during this period, controlling much of southern India. The empire maintained complex trade relations with Portuguese newcomers.