European Colonialism in India

After the Lucknow Pact, a British policy was announced which aimed at increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration for progressive realisation of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British empire. This came to be called as the August Declaration.

Equality before the law is a fundamental concept of our legal system.

All judicial officers take an oath to administer the law without fear, favour, affection or ill will. Judicial officers must treat all parties fairly regardless of gender, ethnicity, disability, sexuality, age, religious affiliation, socio-economic background, size or nature of family, literacy level or any other such characteristic. Respect and courtesy should be the hallmarks of judicial conduct. Paternalistic or patronising attitudes have no place in the court room.

Correct answer is (4).

Accessibility to education is one of the main advantages to present day education. In the past, education was only for the wealthy. The poor were not given an opportunity to improve their lot in life. Females were also denied an education by virtue of the fact they would get married and so, an education would be wasted on females. 

The British East India Company established its earliest trading post at Surat in 1612-13, followed by Madras (Chennai) in 1639. Bombay came next in 1661-1668 when it was acquired from the Portuguese as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry, and finally Calcutta in 1690. This chronology reflects the Company's gradual expansion from western to eastern India over nearly a century.

Nawab Wajid Ali Shah was accused of having misgoverned his state and of refusing to introduce reforms. His state was, therefore, annexed in 1856.

The Blue Water policy was advocated by Don Francisco de Almeida, the Portuguese Viceroy, who believed that Portuguese power should be maintained through naval dominance rather than building forts on Indian soil. This maritime-first strategy prioritized controlling sea lanes and trade routes over territorial acquisition. The policy reflected Portugal's early focus on maritime trade supremacy in the Indian Ocean.

The Diwani rights for Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa were granted to the East India Company by Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II in 1765 following the Battle of Buxar. This pivotal moment, formalized in the Treaty of Allahabad, gave the Company the right to collect revenues while leaving administrative authority nominally with the Nawab. This marked the beginning of formal British political control in India.

The Kuka movement was organized in Punjab during the late 19th century as a religious and political uprising against British rule. Led by figures like Baba Ram Singh, it sought to restore Sikh sovereignty and purify Sikh religious practices. The movement gained particular strength in the Sikh holy city of Amritsar and surrounding regions.

The Ryotwari Settlement was introduced by Thomas Munro

William Digby, a British MP and journalist, wrote extensively on famines in British India, particularly in his work analyzing the devastating famines of 1876-78 and 1899-1900. He criticized British economic policies and the laissez-faire approach that exacerbated these crises. His writings highlighted how colonial revenue policies prioritized extraction over famine prevention.

When Vasco da Gama arrived at Calicut in 1498, the Vijayanagara Empire was ruled by Immadi Narasimha, also known in some records as Naresh Nayak. The Vijayanagara Empire was at the height of its power under the Saluva and Tuluva dynasties during this period, controlling much of southern India. The empire maintained complex trade relations with Portuguese newcomers.

Correct answer is (3). 

Macaulay wanted to westernise Indian education through the minor intellectuals of India. This was known as the Downwards Filtration Theory. 

The Charter Act of 1833 abolished the East India Company's remaining trade monopolies, including its exclusive right to trade with China. Earlier acts had progressively ended these monopolies - the 1813 Act ended the Company's monopoly over Indian trade (except tea and China), while the 1833 Act extended this to China as well. This opened Chinese trade to all British merchants and marked the Company's transition to administrative role.