Arthashastra was written by Kautilya (also known as Chanakya or Kautalya), an ancient Indian scholar and advisor to Chandragupta Maurya. It is a comprehensive treatise on statecraft, economics, and military strategy. Amartya Sen is a modern economist, Harshvardhan was a 7th-century ruler, and Montek Singh Ahluwalia is a modern economist.