Tag: science & technology

One joule equals 10^7 ergs. The erg is the CGS unit of energy, while the joule is the SI unit. Since 1 joule = 1 newton × 1 meter = 10^5 dynes × 100 cm = 10^7 dyne·cm = 10^7 ergs. The option '107' represents 10^7.

The ampere is the SI unit of electric current, representing one coulomb of charge per second. Ohm measures resistance, watt measures power, and volt measures potential difference. The ampere is one of the seven base SI units.

In the MKS (meter-kilogram-second) system, the standard unit of energy is the Joule. Volt measures electric potential difference, Erg is the energy unit in the CGS system, and Ohm measures electrical resistance.

A seismograph measures earthquake intensity and records seismic waves. Barometers measure atmospheric pressure, hydrometers measure liquid density, and polygraphs detect physiological responses during questioning.

The Celsius and Fahrenheit scales intersect at -40 degrees, where both scales show the same numerical value. Using the conversion formula F = (9/5)C + 32, substituting -40 for C gives -40 for F as well.

T.H. Huxley described protoplasm as 'the physical basis of life' in 1869, emphasizing its fundamental role in living organisms. This was an important conceptual bridge between cell biology and philosophy.

Nicolaus Copernicus formulated the heliocentric model in the 16th century, showing that Earth revolves around the Sun. This replaced the geocentric (Earth-centered) model that had dominated for centuries.

Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 from the Penicillium mold. X-ray was discovered by Röntgen, streptomycin by Waksman, and telephone by Graham Bell.

James Watt improved the steam engine's efficiency significantly in the late 18th century, making it practical for industrial use. Though Thomas Savery built an earlier steam engine, Watt's innovations were transformative.

Christopher Sholes invented the first practical typewriter in the 1860s, featuring the QWERTY keyboard layout still used today. The other options are associated with semiconductors (Shockley), calculating machines (Pascal), and fountain pens (Waterman).