Tag: science & technology

Blood appears red due to haemoglobin, an iron-containing protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen. The iron in haemoglobin gives blood its characteristic red color when oxygenated. Albumin is a transport protein, Vitamin B6 is a nutrient, and relaxin is a hormone.

Mushrooms are excellent plant sources of choline, a nutrient essential for brain health and liver function. While yeast also contains some choline, mushrooms are particularly rich sources. Green leaves and cereal grains are not primary choline sources compared to mushrooms.

Ornithophily specifically refers to pollination by birds. The term comes from 'ornis' (bird) and 'phily' (love). Wind pollination is anemophily, insect pollination is entomophily, and seed dispersal by wind is anemochory. Birds like sunbirds and hummingbirds are common pollinators.

Guttation is the process where plants release water in liquid form through specialized pores called hydathodes, typically found at leaf margins. This occurs when soil moisture is high and transpiration is low (usually at night), creating root pressure that forces water out. Transpiration releases water vapor through stomata, while transduction and transformation are genetic engineering terms.

Cuscuta (dodder) is a complete stem parasite that lacks chlorophyll and doesn't produce its own food - it derives all water and nutrients from the host plant through haustoria that penetrate the host's stem. Drosera is an insectivorous plant, Viscum is a hemi-parasite (has some chlorophyll), and Vanda is an autotrophic orchid.

Potato was successfully used to produce edible vaccines - antigens for diseases like cholera and hepatitis B were expressed in potato tubers. When eaten, these stimulate immune response. Pea, mango, and cabbage were not the primary success stories in early edible vaccine development. Note: 'vaccme' in the question is a typo for 'vaccine'.

Prokaryotic cells have 70S ribosomes composed of 50S and 30S subunits. This is a fundamental distinction from eukaryotic cells which have 80S ribosomes. Prokaryotes DO have cell walls (peptidoglycan in bacteria) and DO have genetic material (circular DNA), so options A and C are incorrect. Option B is incorrect because 80S ribosomes are eukaryotic.

Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane where the electron transport chain is located. The proton gradient across this membrane drives ATP synthesis via ATP synthase. The matrix contains TCA cycle enzymes, and chloroplast structures are involved in photosynthesis, not respiration. Note: 'mito-' in option C is an abbreviation for mitochondrion.

Mitochondria are present in all eukaryotic cells (yeast, fungi, algae) but absent in prokaryotic cells like bacteria. Bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles entirely. The question contains a typo ('cellls' should be 'cells') and option D has odd formatting ('Algae A' instead of just 'Algae').