Tag: science & technology

Four Nobel laureates have been of Indian origin: Sir C. V. Raman (Physics, 1930), Mother Teresa (Peace, 1979), Amartya Sen (Economics, 1998), and Kailash Satyarthi (Peace, 2014). Additionally, Rudyard Kipling (born in Bombay) won the Literature prize in 1907, but he is British.

No Nobel Prizes were awarded in any category during World War II, specifically from 1940-1943. The year 1942 was one of these years when no laureates were named. Prizes were resumed in 1944, though some were awarded retroactively for 1942-43.

The Nobel Prize is awarded in 6 categories: Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences. The Economics prize was established later in 1968 by Sweden's central bank but is now awarded together with the original Nobel Prizes.

The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel was established in 1968, exactly 68 years after the first Nobel Prizes were awarded in 1901. Unlike the other categories, it was not specified in Nobel's will but was created by Sweden's central bank.

Jimmy Carter, the 39th U.S. President, received the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development.

In 2004, Richard Axel and Linda B. Buck shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their groundbreaking discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system. They mapped how the nose detects and processes smells.

Niklaus Wirth designed Pascal in 1968-69 as a language for teaching structured programming. It was named after the French mathematician Blaise Pascal and influenced many later programming languages.

John Backus led the IBM team that created FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) in 1957. It was the first widely-used high-level programming language and revolutionized scientific and engineering computing.

Dennis Ritchie developed the C programming language at Bell Telephone Laboratories (Bell Labs) in the early 1970s. C was created for developing the UNIX operating system and became one of the most influential programming languages in history.