Tag: biology

C- A mass of cell capable of growth and regeneration into organs or body parts is called as blastema that means these cells can grow in any type of cells except neurons.For the formation of blastema adult stem cells known as neoblasts are required before occurence of any regeneration.

• Regeneration process in higher animals involves a series of steps.1)Wound closure 2) Demolition and Defence 3)De-differentiation 4)Blastema Formation 5) Growth and 6)Re-differentiation.
• WOUND HEALING: Amputation or injury to organ results in exposure of the interior tissues to the outside. Some cells in the injured region get destroyed. There may be bleeding at the injured surface. The blood soon clots and blocks further flow of blood to the outside. Hence bleeding is stopped.
• Then the epidermal cells proliferate and migrate from all sides towards the center of the wound. Thus the epithelium forms a complete covering over the injured tissues underneath the blood clot. 
• Hence Wound closure step of regeneration stops the bleeding at the site of amputation.
• So, the correct answer is 'Wound closure'.

• Growth factors involved in regeneration phenomenon include Glial growth factor,  transferring, Epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factors.
• Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs) are potent regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation, and function and are critically important in normal development, tissue maintenance, wound repair and angiogenesis. 
  
• Fibroblast growth factor helps to induce the regeneration of blood vessels.
  
• So, the correct answer is ' Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs) '.

The process of storing energy in order for the body to maintain itself and grow is referred to as constructive metabolism or anabolism.
Anabolism is the synthesis process which requires energy (ATP). To gain energy, the cell undergoes glycolysis. As a result of glycolysis, there is decrease in the production of lactic acid and also RQ increases. RQ is the respiratory quotient which is calculated as:
RQ = (Volume of carbon dioxide released/ Volume of oxygen consumed)/ per unit time.
Thus, the correct answer is option D.

• The liver is the only internal organ that can regenerate itself.
• Hepatocytes are the liver cells that are responsible for the liver's ability to regenerate; they act as stem cells that can re-form liver tissue.
• The lost portion of dissected liver regenerates. It is an example of Compensatory hypertrophy i.e The growth which is a result of increased cell size.
  
• So, the correct answer is 'Compensatory hypertrophy'.

• Heteromorphic regeneration is the phenomenon in which a different organ develops from the one that has been removed. For example, In lobsters, the eye is regenerated, If it is removed from the eyestalk. But if the eye is removed along with optic ganglion, instead of eye an antenna like the organ is regenerated.
• This type of regeneration occurs in lower animals.
• Hence The eye of lobster is replaced by an antenna-like structure. It is an example of Heteromorphic regeneration.
• So, the correct answer is 'Heteromorphic regeneration'.

The process of renewal, restoration, and growth that makes genomes, cells, organisms, and ecosystems resilient to natural fluctuations or events that cause disturbance or damage is called Repetitive regeneration. In Hydra, it occurs as foot regeneration arising from the basal part of the body, and head regeneration, arising from the apical region. Head regeneration requires complex reconstruction of the area, while foot regeneration is much simpler, similar to tissue repair.

So, the correct option is ‘Hydra’.

Formation of new parts of the body, which are lost due to injury or accidents is called Restorative regeneration. Regeneration  of broken arms is called Restorative regeneration. It occurs in Echinoderms.

Formation of new parts of the body, which are lost due to injury or accidents is called Restorative regeneration. In tadpoles, regeneration of tails and hind limbs occur. It is restorative regeneration.

So, the correct option is ‘Tail and hind limbs’.