Tag: biology

Co-factor is a non-protein chemical compound that is required for the protein's biological activity. These molecules are commonly enzymes and co-factors can be helper molecules that assist in biochemical transformations such as vitamins.
Co-factors can be subdivided into either one or more inorganic ions , or a complex organic or metallo-organic molecule, called as a co-enzyme, most of which are derived from vitamins.
An inactive enzyme without the co-factor is called an apoenzyme while the complete enzyme with the co-factor is called as a holoenzyme.

In 1911, Casimir Funk isolated a concentrate from rice polishings that cured polyneuritis in pigeons. He named the concentrate vitamin because it appeared to be vital to life and because it was probably an amine.

Non-protein components of certain enzymes are called cofactors. If the cofactor is organic, then it is called a coenzyme. Coenzyme is relatively small molecules compared to the protein part of the enzyme and many of the coenzymes are derived from vitamins

Fat-soluble vitamins are those that dissolve in fats and oils. These include A, D, E, and K.

Water-soluble vitamins (B-complex and C) are not stored in the body in significant amounts and must be replenished daily. Fat-soluble vitamins can be stored in the liver and adipose tissue.

In plants, the stoma is a tiny opening found on the under-surface of leaves. These pores provide the passage for the entry of the air and the exchange of gases. They are also useful during transpiration for the escape of water vapour into the atmosphere.

So the correct option is 'Stomata'

Plants perform photosynthesis to obtain the light energy from direct sunlight and convert it into chemical energy. This process utilizes carbon dioxide, water and sunlight to produce carbohydrates and oxygen. It acts as a counterbalance to respiration by utilizing the carbon dioxide generated by all breathing organisms and giving out the oxygen back to the atmosphere. 

So the correct option is ' Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen'

In anaerobic respiration (fermentation) in yeast, 1 molecule of glucose yields 2 ATP molecules. To produce 38 ATP molecules, one needs 38 / 2 = 19 glucose molecules.

Anaerobic respiration is a type of respiration where energy is produced in the absence of oxygen. It occurs in plant cells and some microorganisms (such as yeast) and produces ethanol and carbon dioxide in the presence of little or no oxygen. For example, the roots of plants in waterlogged soils and bacteria in puncture wounds.

Anaerobic respiration is a process of formation of energy in the absence of oxygen. Fermentation is a form of anaerobic respiration and called as intramolecular respiration. Intramolecular respiration is characteristic of certain tissues (the meristem, the fleshy parts of fruits, tubers). Chemically, the intramolecular respiration of green plants is closely related to alcoholic fermentation.