Tag: biology

Questions Related to biology

Which of the following is the result of synthesis of actin molecule(coded by allele) in a linear chain?

biology locomotion and movement locomotion in animals bones and movements muscle contraction types of muscles muscles

  1. Immovable muscles

  2. Smooth muscle tissue

  3. Normal sarcomere structure

  4. Degeneration of muscle tissue

  5. Muscle tendons that cannot attach

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:
  • A sarcomere is the functional unit (contractile unit) of a muscle fibre. 
  • Each sarcomere contains two types of myofilaments: thick filaments, composed primarily of the contractile protein myosin, and thin filaments, composed primarily of the contractile protein actin. Hence, Normal sarcomere structure is the result of the synthesis of actin molecule(coded by allele) in a linear chain.
So, the correct answer is 'Normal sarcomere structure'.
 

The binding of troponin to calcium in muscle cells exposes the binding site of

biology locomotion and movement locomotion in animals bones and movements muscle contraction types of muscles muscles

  1. Tropomyosin

  2. Myosin

  3. ATP

  4. ADP

  5. ${P} _{i}$

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

  • Muscle contraction thus results from an interaction between the actin and myosin filaments that generates their movement relative to one another. 
  • The molecular basis for this interaction is the binding of myosin to actin filaments, allowing myosin to function as a motor that drives filament sliding. Hence, The binding of troponin to calcium in muscle cells exposes the binding site of Myosin.
So, the correct answer is 'Myosin'.

${Ca}^{2+}$ and ${Mg}^{2+}$ ions 

biology locomotion and movement locomotion in animals bones and movements muscle contraction types of muscles muscles

  1. Reduce excitability of nerves and muscles.

  2. Increase excitability of nerves and muscles.

  3. Conduct nerve impulses.

  4. Both B and C.

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

High calcium and magnesium ion concentration decrease the excitability of the muscle fiber membrane by raising the threshold to stimulation, while a low level of the calcium and magnesium ions increase the excitability of muscles fibers. 
So, the correct answer is A.

ATP-ase needed for muscle contraction is present over

biology locomotion and movement locomotion in animals bones and movements muscle contraction types of muscles muscles

  1. Aetinin

  2. Troponin

  3. Myosin

  4. Actin

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:

ATPase needed for muscle contraction is present over the myosin. Myosin binds to actin at a binding site. Myosin has another binding site for ATP at which enzymatic activity of myosin ATPase hydrolyzes ATP to ADP which releases an inorganic phosphate molecule and energy. The energy released during ATP hydrolysis changes the angle of the myosin head into a cocked position. The myosin head is then in a position for further movement possessing potential energy. The enzyme myosin ATPase catalyses the reaction in the presence of Ca$^{2+}$ and Mg$^{2+}$. So, the correct answer is 'Myosin'.

Which of these ions are involved in muscle contraction? 

biology locomotion and movement locomotion in animals bones and movements muscle contraction types of muscles muscles

  1. $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$

  2. $Ca^{2+}$ and $Na^+$

  3. $Na^+$ and $K^+$

  4. $Mg^{2+}$ and $K^+$

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:
  • Active sites for myosin(Thick filament) are present on actin which are masked by troponin in resting state. when  Ca++ level increases it leads to the binding of calcium with a subunit of troponin on actin(thin) filaments and thereby remove the masking of active sites for myosin.
  • Utilizing the energy from ATP hydrolysis, the myosin head now binds to the exposed active sites on actin to form a cross bridge. 
  • This pulls the attached actin filaments towards the centre of ‘A’ band.
  •  The ‘Z’ line attached to these actins are also pulled inwards thereby causing a shortening of the sarcomere, i.e., contraction.
  • Magnesium also plays a role in regulating muscle contractions. Magnesium acts as a natural calcium blocker to help muscles relax. Hence Ca++ and Mg++ ions are involved in muscle contractions.
  • So, the correct answer is 'Ca$^{2+}$ and Mg$^{2+}$'.

The cartilage making up the lower jaw is known a

biology locomotion and movement locomotion in animals bones and movements muscle contraction types of muscles muscles

  1. Dentary

  2. Metapophysis

  3. Anapophysis

  4. Post-zygapophysis

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Lower jaw or II part of mandibular arch is cartilage nous initially and is called nickel's cartilage, which soon changes into bony structure.

The immediate regeneration of ATP  used up during muscle
contraction is facilitated by

biology locomotion and movement locomotion in animals bones and movements muscle contraction types of muscles muscles

  1. Glucose

  2. Glycogen

  3. Lactic acid

  4. Creatine phosphate

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

The excess ATP is used to synthesize creatine Phosphate, an energy rich molecule that is found in muscle fibres.

Which one is required for muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission?

biology locomotion and movement locomotion in animals bones and movements muscle contraction types of muscles muscles

  1. $Ca^{2+}$

  2. $Mg^{2+}$

  3. $Fe^{2+}$

  4. Both A and B

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:
  •  A neural signal reaching this junction releases a neurotransmitter (Acetylcholine) which generates an action potential in the sarcolemma. This spreads through the muscle fibre and causes the release of calcium ions into the sarcoplasm
  • Active sites for myosin are present on actin which are masked by troponin-C in resting state. When Ca++ level increases it leads to the binding of calcium with a subunit of troponin i.e Troponin-C on actin(thin) filaments and thereby remove the masking of active sites for myosin.
  • Utilizing the energy from ATP hydrolysis, the myosin head now binds to the exposed active sites on actin to form a cross bridge. 
  • This pulls the attached actin filaments towards the centre of ‘A’ band.
  • The ‘Z’ line attached to these actins are also pulled inwards thereby causing a shortening of the sarcomere, i.e., contraction. The myosin, releasing the ADP and P1 goes back to its relaxed state. Hence Ca$^{2+}$ is required for muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission.
  • So, the correct answer is 'Ca 2+'.

Which among the following is not involved in the muscular contraction?

biology locomotion and movement locomotion in animals bones and movements muscle contraction types of muscles muscles

  1. Ca ion

  2. Troponin

  3. Actin

  4. Mg ion

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:
  • Active sites for myosin(Thick filament) are present on actin which are masked by troponin in resting state. when  Ca++ level increases it leads to the binding of calcium with a subunit of troponin on actin(thin) filaments and thereby remove the masking of active sites for myosin.
  • Utilizing the energy from ATP hydrolysis, the myosin head now binds to the exposed active sites on actin to form a cross bridge. 
  • This pulls the attached actin filaments towards the centre of ‘A’ band.
  •  The ‘Z’ line attached to these actins are also pulled inwards thereby causing a shortening of the sarcomere, i.e., contraction.
  • magnesium acts as a natural calcium blocker to help muscles relax. Hence Mg ion is not involved in the muscular contraction but it is involved in muscle relaxation by blocking calcium ions.
  • So, the correct answer is 'Mg'

Ion connected with forming cross bridges is

biology locomotion and movement locomotion in animals bones and movements muscle contraction types of muscles muscles

  1. $Na^+$

  2. $Ca^{2+}$

  3. $K^+$

  4. None of the above

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Cross bridge cycling forms the basis for movements and force production in the muscle cells. The myosin heads are known as cross bridges because they can bind and move along actin filament. Sarcomere is a stretch of myofibril between two z lines where myosin is in center and actin at periphery, slightly overlapping myosin. Nerve impulse causes release of calcium ions from sarcoplasmic reticulum and binds to troponin which changes configuration of tropomyosin and exposes cross bridge heads on myosin allowing actin myosin binding. This causes contraction of muscle fibre. ATP is required for myosin to dissociate from actin. The calcium ions released from sarcoplasmic reticulum regulate when cross bridging cycle can occur. 

Therefore option B is correct