Tag: evolution and structure of indian judiciary

Religious law refers to ethical and moral codes taught by religious traditions. Examples include Christian Canon law, Islamic Sharia, Jewish Halakha, and Hindu law. Following are the religious law:-

• Sharia
• Halakha
• Canon law

Every country has its own legal system, where there are laws made by the country. Every citizen is required to abide by the law prevailing in one's country. Persons who do not abide by the law and whose behaviour is out of law or illegal are criminals. The rest who follow the law sincerely are known as 'law-abiding citizens'. The nation expects the law-abiding behaviour from the citizens for whose well-being laws are being made.

An independent and powerful judiciary is considered essential for democracies. The Indian judiciary consists of Supreme Court for the entire nation, High Courts in the States, District Courts and the courts at the local level. India has an integrated judiciary. The integrated judiciary system of India instrument that all the courts are interconnected with each other and power enhancement as the level of courts go higher and higher. It means the Supreme Court controls the judicial administration in the country. Its decision is binding on all other courts of the country.

For every district or one or more districts together taking into account the number of cases, population distribution in the district there is a District Court. They administer justice in India at a district level. The district court exercises jurisdiction both in civil and criminal matters arising in the district. While dealing in criminal cases it acts as a session court.

The National Judicial Academy is situated in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh is an Indian Government funded training institute primarily for judicial officers. N.R. Madhava Menon was its founding director. The institute was registered on 17th August 1993 under the Societies Registration Act of 1860.

Article 257 of the Constitution of India says that the executive power of every State shall be exercised as not to impede or prejudice the exercise of the executive power of the Union. It also states that the executive power of the Union shall also extend to the giving of directions to a State as to the construction and maintenance of means of communication declared in the direction to be of national or military importance.

The Judiciary in India is single, integrated, independent and hierarchical. It can be divided into three categories. The apex court in the nation is the Supreme Court and below it are High Courts in the States. The high court is the apex court in the state judicial system. Below high court are lower court under its subordination at district and division level.

The Supreme Court is the Apex court of the Nation. The Constitution has made the supreme court the guardian and enforcer of the Fundamental Rights. The Supreme court is primarily a court of appeal and hears appeals against the judgment of High Court in Constitutional, Civil and Criminal Cases.